Senegal

Imported Inorganic Chemical Elements, Oxides and Halogen Salts in Senegal, 2002 

Country of Origin Rank Value (000 US ) Vo Share Cumulative % 

Source Philip M. PARKER, Professor, INSEAD, copyright 2002, www.icongrouponline.com  

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Gum Arabic. Gum arable [9000-01-5] is a dried exudate from a species of the acacia tree found in various tropical and semitropical areas of the world. Most of the commercial gum comes from a single species, Jicacia Senegal. The largest producers are the RepubHc of Sudan and several other West African countries, with over 75% of the world s production coming from the Sudan. The best grade comes from Jicacia Senegal and about 90% of the Sudan s production is from this source the remainder comes Jicacia sejal... 

Africa Morocco, Senegal, Tunisia, Algeria, Sahara, Egypt, Togo, Angola, South Africa 4.6... 

It is extensively cultivated in Senegal, in Teneriffe, and iu the whole of the Mediterranean regions. It ornaments numerous garden.s in Provence in the neighbour hood of Xice, and is also touch onl tivated in. Algeria where il is very widely distributed. 

Gum Arabic (GA) or Acacia gum is an edible biopolymer obtained as exudates of mature trees of Acacia Senegal and Acacia seyal which grow principally in the African region of Sahe in Sudan. The exudate is a non-viscous liquid, rich in soluble fibers, and its emanation from the stems and branches usually occurs under stress conditions such as drought, poor soil fertility, and injury (Williams Phillips, 2000). 

Table 1 presents the chemical composition and some properties of both gums reported by Osman et al., 1993 and Williams Phillips, et al., 2000. Despite having different protein content, amino acid composition is similar in both gums. Recently, Mahendran et al., 2008, reported the GA amino acid composition in Acacia Senegal, being rich in hydroxyproline, serine, threonine, leucine, glycine, histidine. Table 2. 

Table 1. Comparative chemical composition and some properties of Gum arabic taken from Acacia Senegal and Acacia seyal trees (Osman et al., 1993 and Williams Phillips, et al., 2000).

Table 2. Aminoacid content in Gum Arabic taken from Acocw Senegal (Mahendran et al., 2008).

Table 3 shows some physicochemical properties used as international GA quality parameters, for example moisture, total ash content, volatile matter and internal energy, with reference to gums taken from Acacia Senegal species in Sudan (FAO, 1990, Larson Bromley, 1991). The physicochemical properties of GA may vary depending on the origin and age of trees, the exudation time, the storage type, and climate. The moisture content facilitates the solubility of GA carbohydrate hydrophilic and hydrophobic proteins. The total ash content is used to determine the critical levels of foreign matter, insoluble matter in... 

Gel permeation chromatography studies using both refractive index and UV(260 nm) absorption detections have confirmed that both Acacia Senegal and Acacia seyal gums consist of three main components (Islam et al., 1997, Idris et al., 1998, Williams Phillips, 2000, Al Assaf 2006) ... 

Part I the molecular weight of Acacia Senegal gum exudate. Food Hydrocolloids, Vol.19, No.4, Quly 2005), pp. 647-660, ISSN 0268-005X. 

Al-Assaf, S. Phillips, G.O. Aoki, H. Sasaki, Y. (2007). Characterization and properties of Acacia Senegal (L.) Willd. var. Senegal with enhanced properties (Acacia (sen) SUPER GUM ) Part 1-Controlled maturation of Acacia Senegal var. Senegal to increase viscoelasticity, produce a hydrogel form and convert a poor into a good emulsifier Food Hydrocollotds, Vol.21, No.3, (May 2007), pp. 319-328, ISSN 0268-005X. 

Specifications for gum arabic (Acacia Senegal) analytical data for samples... 

Idris, O.H.M. Williams, P. A. Phillips, G.O. (1998). Characterization of gum from Acacia Senegal trees of different age and location using multidetection gel permeation chromatography. Food Flydrocolloids, Vol. 12, No. 4, (October 1998), pp. 379-388, ISSN 0268-005X. 

Renard, D. Lavenant-Gourgeon, L. Ralet, M. Sanchez, C. (2006). Acacia Senegal Gum Continuum of Molecular Species Differing by Their Protein to Sugar Ratio, Molecular Weight, and Charges. Biomacromolecules, Vol.7, No.9, (Augudt 2006), pp. 2637-2649, ISSN 1525-7797. 

Siddig, N.E. Osman, M.E. Al-Assaf, S. Phillips, G.O. Williams, P.A. (2005). Studies on acacia exudate gums, part IV. Distribution of molecular components in Acacia seyal in relation to Acacia Senegal. Food Hydrocolloids, Vol. 19, No.4, 0uly 2005), pp. 679-686, ISSN 0268-005X. 

Williams, P. A. Phillips, G. O. Stephen, A. M. (1990). Spectroscopic and molecular comparisons of three fractions from Acacia Senegal gum. Food Hydrocolloids, Vol.4, No.4, (December 1990), pp. 305-311, ISSN 0268-005X. 

Mahe A, Ly F, Aymard G, Dangou JM (2003) Skin diseases associated with the cosmetic use of bleaching products in women from Dakar, Senegal. Br J Dermatol 148 493-500... 

D.M.W. Anderson, J.F. Howlett, C.G.A. McNab, The amino acid composition of the protei naceous component of gum Arabic acacia Senegal (L.) Willd, Food Additives and... 

The regulations prescribe the energy values to be used as in Table 3. There are agreed values for some other materials. The synthetic dextrose polymer poly dextrose is accepted to be only 1 kcal g 1 (or 4 kJ g 1) even though it would otherwise fall within the definition of a carbohydrate. The accepted value for gum acacia, a polysaccharide obtained from trees of the species Acacia Senegal and closely related species, is 2 kcal g 1 (or 8 kJ g-1). 

In Senegal and Sudan, bread is being made from a blend of 72% extraction wheat flour (70%) and 72-75% extraction white sorghum flour (30%). 

Mullie, W.C. and J.O. Keith. 1993. The effects of aerially applied fenitrothion and chlorpyrifos on birds in the savannah of northern Senegal. Jour. Appl. Ecol. 30 536-550. 

To produce validated methods for the identification and quantification of the following gums in foodstuffs Acacia Senegal gum, A. seyal gum, A. combretum gum, carrageenan and alginates. 

African coast, such as Senegal and the Ivory Coast. HIV-2 also causes AIDS, although there are some indications that it is less able to do so than HIV-1. It is interesting that the virus that is most closely related to HIV-2 is not HIV-1, but a lentivirus found in sooty mangabey monkeys (simian immunodeficiency virus or SIVSM). SIVSM does not cause disease in sooty mangabeys. 

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