Phillips, William

There is a small break in slope after gadolinium in some plotted ionic radii, notably for octahe-drally coordinated cations, attributed to crystal field effects on electrons in the 4/orbitals. This is discussed in Phillips Williams (1966, vol. 2, p. 106). 

Asteriou, T., Gouley, F., Deschrevel, B., and Vincent, J. C. (2002). In Influence of Substrate and Enzyme Concentrations on Hyaluronan Hydrolysis Kinetics Catalyzed by Hyaluronidase. J. F. Hyaluronan, G. O. Kennedy, and P. A. Phillips Williams (Eds.). Woodhead Publishing, Wrexham, Wales, vol. 1, pp. 249-252. 

Dorin Rachel Mika, Phillip William, Sai Hiroaki, Werner Jorg, Elimelech Menachem, and Wiesner Ulrich. Designing block copolymer architectures for targeted membrane performance. Polymer. 55 no. 1 (2014) 347-353. 

Submitted by Michael J. Lusch, William V. Phillips, Ronald F. Sieloff,... 

Checked by William V- Phillips, Herbert O, House, James C, Kauer, and William A. Sheppard... 

Laser Cooling The 1997 Nobel Prize in physics was shared by Steven Chu of Stanford University, William D. Phillips of the National Institute of Science and Technology, and Claude N. Cohen-Tannoudje of the College de France for their development and theoretical explanation of laser cooling, a process that can lower the temperature of a gas to a very low value. 

Annabel P, Fitto MG, Harris B, Phillips GP, Williams PA (1994) Food Hydrocolloid 8 351... 

Toyoshima I (1993) Cellulosics Chemical, Biochemical and Material Aspects, Kennedy JF, Phillips GO, Williams PA (eds). EUis Horwood, Chichester, p 125... 

C.S.G. Phillips, R.J.P. Williams, Inorganic Chemistry, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1966. 

Gum Arabic (GA) or Acacia gum is an edible biopolymer obtained as exudates of mature trees of Acacia Senegal and Acacia seyal which grow principally in the African region of Sahe in Sudan. The exudate is a non-viscous liquid, rich in soluble fibers, and its emanation from the stems and branches usually occurs under stress conditions such as drought, poor soil fertility, and injury (Williams Phillips, 2000). 

Table 1 presents the chemical composition and some properties of both gums reported by Osman et al., 1993 and Williams Phillips, et al., 2000. Despite having different protein content, amino acid composition is similar in both gums. Recently, Mahendran et al., 2008, reported the GA amino acid composition in Acacia Senegal, being rich in hydroxyproline, serine, threonine, leucine, glycine, histidine. Table 2. 

Table 1. Comparative chemical composition and some properties of Gum arabic taken from Acacia Senegal and Acacia seyal trees (Osman et al., 1993 and Williams Phillips, et al., 2000).

Gel permeation chromatography studies using both refractive index and UV(260 nm) absorption detections have confirmed that both Acacia Senegal and Acacia seyal gums consist of three main components (Islam et al., 1997, Idris et al., 1998, Williams Phillips, 2000, Al Assaf 2006) ... 

Al-Assaf, S. Phillips, G.O.. Williams, P.A. (2005 b). Studies on Acacia exudate gums part II. Molecular weight comparison of the Vulgares and Gummiferae series of Acacia gums. Food Hydrocolloids, Vol.19, No.4, 0uly 2005), pp. 661-667, ISSN 0268-005X. 

Idris, O.H.M. Williams, P. A. Phillips, G.O. (1998). Characterization of gum from Acacia Senegal trees of different age and location using multidetection gel permeation chromatography. Food Flydrocolloids, Vol. 12, No. 4, (October 1998), pp. 379-388, ISSN 0268-005X. 

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