Polymers of dextrose

In the case of complex carbohydrates the glycemic index is a measure of how quickly the carbohydrate is broken down. An example is to compare potato starch and polydextrose. Both are polymers of dextrose but potato starch in the form of mashed potato is rapidly broken down and causes a surge in blood sugar, i.e. it has a high glycemic index. In contrast, polydextrose, which has the dextrose units linked 1 - 6, a link that is rare in nature, is only 25% metabolised and has a very low glycemic index. 

Starch is the major energy storage polysaccharide of cereal crops. It is a natural polymer of dextrose. Starch has two naturally occurring... 

Starch is the major energy storage polysaccharide of cereal crops. It is a natural polymer of dextrose. Starch has two naturally-occurring forms one is amylose, a polymer with long linear chains the other is amylo-pectin which is a branched chain polymer. The length of the amylose chain varies between different plants but common values are between 200... 

Polydextrose (6) is a synthetic polymer of dextrose with the dextrose molecules linked l->6. This link is not common in nature so polydextrose is only one quarter metabolised which gives the psychologically important value of 1 kcal g 1. As laxative effects arise through colligative properties, and because polydextrose has a high molecular weight, the laxative effects experienced are lower than for the low molecular weight polyols. 

Carbohydrate-based replacements rely on a viscosity increase and smooth gel-like textures to simulate the properties of fats and oils. These substitutes include gums, hydrophilic hydrocolloids that increase product viscosity and improve emulsion stability polydextrose, a polymer of dextrose with small amounts of sorbitol and citric acid made by Pfizer Chemical Division, New York and a variety of com, tapioca and potato starch maltodextrins made by various starch processors. Neither the protein- nor the carbohydrate-based replacements can be used as frying or dry coating oils. 

Dextrose (D-glucose) is by far the most abundant sugar in nature. It occurs either in the monosaccharide form (free state) or in a polymeric form of anhydrodextrose units. As a monosaccharide, dextrose is present in substantial quantities in honey, fmits, and berries. As a polymer, dextrose occurs in starch, cellulose (qv), and glycogen. Sucrose is a disaccharide of dextrose and fmctose. 

There are five prime factors that determine the properties of starches 1. starch is a polymer of glucose (dextrose) 2. the starch polymer is of two types linear and branched 3 the linear polymeric molecules can associate with each other giving insolubility in water 4. the polymeric molecules are organized and packed into granules which are insoluble in water and 5 disruption of the granule structure is required to render the starch polymer dispersible in water. The modification of starch takes into account these factors. 

The regulations prescribe the energy values to be used as in Table 3. There are agreed values for some other materials. The synthetic dextrose polymer poly dextrose is accepted to be only 1 kcal g 1 (or 4 kJ g 1) even though it would otherwise fall within the definition of a carbohydrate. The accepted value for gum acacia, a polysaccharide obtained from trees of the species Acacia Senegal and closely related species, is 2 kcal g 1 (or 8 kJ g-1). 

Dextrose Polymers and Their Nitrates. Dextrose (d-glucose) polymers can be obtd by heating dextrose or polysaccharides composed of dextrose units, in the presence of catalysts, such as boric anhydride, or boric acid. The resulting solid products are light in color and have a high 8 wide degree of... 

Standard Solution Transfer 20 mg each of dextrose stach-yose and 5800, 23,700, and 100,000 molecular weight (MW) pullulan standards into a 10-mL volumetric flask. Dissolve in and dilute to volume with Eluent. Filter through a 0.45-p.m syringe filter into a suitable autosampler vial, and seal (all components of the Standard Solution are available from Polymer Laboratories, Inc., Technical Center, Amherst Fields Research Park, 160 Old Farm Road, Amherst, MA 01002). 

In a study of the interaction of three different membranes, two synthetic polymers and cellulose, and solutions containing diflferent concentrations of dextrose, was evaluated the relative reduction of water flow, given in percentage, the difference between the flow before and after solute adsorption divided by flow prior to adsorption. In SG-PES and PES-GR polymeric membranes, water flux declined of about 4%-12% and 11%-15% respectively, while for the cellulose membrane was not observed a significant reduction in the flow, indicating a significant adsorption of dextrose on the surface of membranes made of synthetic polymers (more hydrophobic). The significant difference in the rednction of the flow in the membranes of synthetic polymers is dne to differences in the characteristics of the membrane surface [12]. 

Syn. Glucose Polymers G. Polydextrosen F polydextroses These artificial low-polymeric carbohydrates are produced by a polycondensation process of - dextrose in the presence of small amounts of - sorbitol and - citric acid under vacuum at high temperatures. Randomly branched chains of D-glucose polymers result with >90% a-1,6 bonds (some sorbitol- and citric acid monoester groups) and minor amounts of D-glucose (<4%), flee sorbitol (<2%), citric acid, - le-voglucosan, - hydroxymethylfurfiiral. m.w. 162-18 000 with an average distribution 88.7%, 162-5000 5%, 5000-10000 1.2%,... 

Pure D-fmctose is a white, hygroscopic, crystalline substance and should not be confused with the high fmctose com symps (HFCS) which may contain 42—90 wt % fmctose and 23—29% water (8,9). The nonfmctose part of these symps is glucose (dextrose) plus small amounts of glucose oligomers and polymers. Fmctose is highly soluble ia water at 20°C it is 79% soluble, compared with only 47% for glucose and 67% for sucrose. 

Polyhydric Alcohols. (Polyols). An alcohol with three or more hydroxyl groups, each attached to a different carbon atom. They are w-sol and of sweetish taste, which tends to intensify with increasing hydroxyl content. Examples of polyols of ordn interest are listed below. Polyvinyl alcohol is considered in a separate entry as a polymer although it is defined as a polyhydric alcohol. Polyols, when nitrated, make excellent expls, proplnt binders, plasticizers, etc. Prepn can follow the procedure of Lenth DuPuis (Ref 3) which uses a methanol suspension of either sucrose or dextrose and a special Cu-Al oxide catalyst to yield 60-65% distillable polyols at 240° and 1500psi Refs 1) Beil — refs found under individual compds 2) CA, under Alcohols, Polyhydric for compds of current ordn interest 3) C.W. Lenth R.N. DuPuis, "Polyhydric Alcohol Production by Hydrogenolysis of Sugars in the Presence of Copper-Aluminum Oxide , IEC 37, 152-57 (1945) CA 39, 1391 (1945)... 

The biodegradable polymer available in the market today in largest amounts is PEA. PEA is a melt-processible thermoplastic polymer based completely on renewable resources. The manufacture of PEA includes one fermentation step followed by several chemical transformations. The typical annually renewable raw material source is com starch, which is broken down to unrefined dextrose. This sugar is then subjected to a fermentative transformation to lactic acid (LA). Direct polycondensation of LA is possible, but usually LA is first chemically converted to lactide, a cyclic dimer of LA, via a PLA prepolymer. Finally, after purification, lactide is subjected to a ring-opening polymerization to yield PLA [13-17]. 

The FDA defines maltodextrin (C5Hi2O5)n 0 (CAS. Reg. No. 9050-36-6) as nonsweet, nutritive saccharide polymers that consist of D-glucose units linked primarily by alpha-1-4 bonds and that have dextrose equivalence (DE) less than 20. They are prepared as white powders or concentrated solutions by partial hydrolysis of corn starch with safe and suitable acids and/or enzymes (48FR51911, Nov. 15, 1983). 

Of the myriad of modified starch systems tested, ranging from simple enzymically dextrinized starches to covalently attached amino acids and peptides onto dextrinized and/or oxidized (hypochlorite or periodate) corn starch bases, two polymers were selected as holding promise. The first system was a low dextrose equivalent (DE 5.7) enzyme-modified corn starch. The second starch-based polymer developed was a periodate-oxidized, amylase-dextrinized, covalently-attached phenylalanine glycoamine. 

J.T.Power,USP 2495868(1950) CA 44, 7540(1950) (A detonator contg a base chge of nitrated dextrose polymer, such as nitrated... 

The drug-loaded PEO-BBLA micelles were prepared as follows. The PEpolymer/drug solution was then dialyzed against distilled water to remove the DMF and unencapsulated AmB. The pH of the dialysis medium was maintained at pH 11.3 to ensure ionization of the unencapsulated AmB that facilitates its removal. The dialysis medium was neutralized to pH 5.6 upon completion. The isotonicity of the micellar solution in the dialysis bag was adjusted with dextrose. Adjustment of the... 

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