Vehicles, self-propelled

Batteries are comprised of one or more cells connected in series or parallel and assembled with terminals or contacts. When these contacts are connected to a device electrical current flows through the completed circuit providing power. Cells are the basic electrochemical unit used to generate or store electrical energy they consist of 

Between the electrodes lies an electrical potential difference. Once a circuit is made by connecting the electrodes, and until the potential difference is eliminated, electrons flow through the connection (an electric current) as the electrolyte ions (charged atoms or molecules) transport the current in the electrolyte. During the chemical reaction that takes place, the negative electrode is oxidized as the positive electrode is reduced. 

Batteries that require a liquid electrolyte are called wet batteries. Corrosive battery fluid refers to either acid electrolytes syn. battery acid, like the common lead-acid automobile battery which uses a solution of sulphuric acid, or alkali electrolytes syn. alkaline corrosive battery fluid, like potassium hydroxide (1310-58-3) solutions in nickel-cadmium and other alkaline battery systems. Dry batteries or dry cells, like all primary batteries, use electrolytes immobilized in pastes, gels, or absorbed into separator materials. Some batteries are loaded with a dry, solid chemical (e.g., potassium hydroxide) which is diluted with water to become a liquid electrolyte. The hazards associated with handling and transportation prior to use are thereby reduced. 

Some reactions at the electrolyte-electrode interface generate gas. In most car batteries, for example, sulphuric acid (the electrolyte) reacts with lead (the electrode) to generate hydrogen gas which is vented to avoid the buildup of explosive concentrations. Over time, the electrolyte is depleted and may require replenishment. In this instance, the battery is not sealed and presents the possibility of spillage during handling. Other nonspillable designs avoid this problem in a number of ways  

Sodium batteries and cells are designed such that the electrolyte is solid and the electrodes are liquid. In hermetically sealed sodium-sulphur batteries, the sodium and sulphur electrodes are heated to a molten state (300 to 350 C) 

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Tire traction describes the force transmission between tire and road under aU eventualities. It is the prerequisite for controlled steering, acceleration, and braking of self-propelled vehicles on flat tracks. It finds its upper limit in the frictional force when total sliding occurs. Two aspects have therefore to be considered The mechanics of force transmission of elastic wheels and its relation to rubber friction. 

Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) SAE is a resource for technical information and expertise used in designing, building, maintaining, and operating self-propelled vehicles for use on land, sea, in air or in space. Comprised of nearly 80,000 engineers, business executives, educators, and students from more than 97 countries, the network of members share information... 

Rocket. An unmanned self-propelled vehicle, with or without warhead, designed to travel above the surface of the earth and whose trajectory or course, while in flight, cannot be controlled. Excludes Guided Missiles and other vehicles whose trajectory or course, while in flight, can be controlled remotely (Ref 40a, p 122)... 

Rocket. An unmanned self-propelled vehicle, with or without a warhead, designed to travel... 

In America, Oliver Evans was an early 19th century engineer who built a self-propelled vehicle that also ran in water. Evans built this 20-ton unit in 1805 as a dredger to excavate the waterfront in Philadelphia. The Schuylkill River was a mile from his workshop, so he drove it up Market Street at 4 miles per hour. America was developing its rail system and by 1850, there were 9,000 miles of railroads in the U.S. 

Engine starting fluid, see Self-Propelled Vehicles, p.219... 

Battery acid Battery fluid, acid, 8 Battery fluid, alkali, 8 Battery-powered equipment, 9 Battery-powered vehicle, 9 Battery, wet, filled with acid or alkali with automobile (or named self-propelled vehicle or mechanical equipment containing internal combustion engine) Battery, wet, with wheelchair Cells containing sodium, 4.3 Corrosive battery fluid Electric storage batteries Electrolyte (acid) for batteries Electrolyte (acid or alkali) for batteries Electrolyte (alkali) for batteries Heat producing article, battery operated equipment, 9 Lithium batteries, 9 Lithium batteries contained in equipment, 9 Lithium batteries packed with equipment, 9 M86 fuel, 3.2... 

Mobility aids Self-propelled vehicle Storage batteries, wet Vehicles, self-propelled Wheelchair, electric (spillable or non-spillable type batteries), 9 Wheelchair, electric with batteries... 

Propelled Vehicles, p.219 Solid, see Terminology, Solid, p.247 Vehicle (flammable, gas powered), see Self-Propelled Vehicles, p.219 Vehicle (flammable, liquid powered), see Self-Propelled Vehicles, p.219... 

Dangerous goods, see Dangerous Goods and Hazardous Materials, p.54 Gas, see Terminology, Gas, p.239 Motor vehicles, see Self-Propelled Vehicles,... 

Automobile Automobile, motorcycle, tractor, or other self-propelled vehicle, engine, or other mechanical apparatus Engines, internal combustion (flammable gas powered) including where fitted in machinery or vehicles, 9 Engines, internal combustion... 

Forklift A self-propelled vehicle for lifting or stacking heavy objects that may be loaded on pallets or skids it consists typically of projecting prongs that are slid under the load then raised or lowered. 

Effective compaction is related to the type of compaction equipment used. Asphalt layer compaction equipment consists of self-propelled vehicles, known as rollers, which compact the asphalt layer by the effect of their self-weight or by additionally imposing dynamic loading. The desired compaction is achieved by applying a certain number of passes of the rollers over the asphalt layer, known as compaction effort. 

A mobile crane which is an unladen, self-propelled vehicle constructed as a machine used to raise, shift, or lower weights, and... 

International Journal of Vehicle Design The Journal of Vehicle Engineering and Components (0143-3369) http //www.inderscience.com/browse/index.php joumaIID=31 (accessed September 3, 2010). Geneva, Switzerland Inderscience Publishers mouthly. Publishes articles on engineering design and research into all types of self-propelled vehicles and components. 

SAE International is a global body of scienhsts, engineers, and prac-hhoners that advances self-propelled vehicle and system knowledge in a neutral forum for the beneht of society. Offers standards, books, technical papers, and training. topics.sae.org/polymers... 

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