Sedatives definition

J. W. Kloepper, S. Tuzun, and J. Kuc, Propo.sed definitions related to induced dis-ea.se resistance. Biocontrol Science Technology 2 349 (1992). 

The robustness of an analytical method can be described as the ability to reproduce the method in different laboratories or under different circumstances without the occurrence of unexpected differences in the obtained results. The term ruggedness is considered here as a synonym for robustness. The robustness of a method is tested in a robustness test. The most frequently u.sed definition for robustness in this area is due to the International Conference on Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for the Registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use (ICH) [79,80. It defines robustness as follows. The robustness of an analytical procedure is a measure of its capacity to remain unaffected by small, but deliberate variations in method parameters and provides an indication of its reliability during normal usage."... 

This chapter focuses on children with extreme forms of psychopathology and very poor adaptive functioning. Many school and community mental health settings label this group of children as having serious emotional disturbance (sed) for purposes of funding and access to services, but there is variability in local or state criteria for sed. Common elements of sed definitions generally include the federal definition of the Individual with Disabilities Education Act (idea, 1997). As defined by Federal Law (cfr Parts 300 and 303) ... 

The definition of desired therapeutic and side effects in the case of the benzodiazepines very much depends on the clinical problem in question. The sedative and hypnotic actions are desired effects in the treatment of insomnia, but undesired effects in the treatment of anxiety disorders. Effects that are usually undesired include daytime drowsiness, potentiation of the sedative effects of ethanol, and anterograde amnesia. They are mediated via the benzodiazepine site of GABAa receptors, since they can be antagonized with flumazenil. 

C. Thalidomide caused a high incidence of pho-comelia, particularly in Europe, where it was approved as a sedative agent. There is no definitive evidence associating teratogenic activity with the other compounds. 

One reason for Roche s success with Dalmane was that it did not share two undesirable features of the barbiturates, the then reigning class of sedatives REM suppression and suicidal potency. The barbiturates are CNS depressants that can induce unconsciousness, but because they have a very low margin of safety they can also shut down the respiratory control system of the brain stem. That is how they kill, and that is why they are still popular in Oregon and other places where individuals are free to elect a definitive end to unbearably unpleasant conscious awareness. Physician-assisted suicide is sometimes accomplished by turning off breathing, by pulling the plug internally as it were. 

By definition, all of the sedative-hypnotics will induce sleep if high enough doses are given. The effects of sedative-hypnotics on the stages of sleep depend on several factors, including the specific... 

Perceptual disturbances are generally thought to occur more often with pentazocine than with other opioids. Objective definition of such phenomena is difficult, but in a study of postoperative dreaming after the use of pentazocine and morphine as premedicants there was no statistically significant difference between the two drugs (SED-11,148) (572). 

Pathological changes in the lungs were produced with chlorphentermine in laboratory animals (SED-9, 14). Pulmonary complications might therefore occur in humans, which puts in doubt the wisdom of continuing to recommend chlorphentermine as an anorectic drug until more definitive information is available. 

Abnormal liver function tests (SED-9, 152) (17) and hepatic injury have been associated with naproxen (18), but no definite cause-effect relation has been established. 

The relation between maternal morphine administration during labor and the Apgar score of the baby at birth has been studied (SED-11, 137) (96). The authors concluded that morphine alone did not seem to cause asphyxia at birth, but that morphine together with other fetal and/or obstetric factors would definitely be a cause for concern with regard to birth asphyxia. 

Most people agree that prevention efforts should—indeed must—be an important component of any comprehensive approach to treating substance abuse. In this chapter we first provide an overview of definitions of prevention. The major models of prevention and their implications are then di.scus.sed. We also provide examples of several types of prevention projects and their outcomes. The chapter closes with some comments on the prospects for future work in prevention. 

The medicinal componcncs of St. John s wort are derived from the flowering top.s. A 2001 study in JAMA, however, negates about 30 previously published trials and showed that St. John s wort failed to improve major depressive disonler in the first large-.scale. multicenter, randomized, placebo-controlled trial in patients diagnosed with major depressive disorder. The herb has a definite mild sedative effect, and in 10 years of controlled clinical trials it has proved effeaive in the treatment of mild depression. 

An attractive alternative in which spectrometer line-listing routines are u.sed is as follows. After the spectral data have been Fourier transformed and saved, the proton FID is zero filled three to four times. If np = 32K, then Fn should be set to 256 or 512K. The resulting spectral lines should then have sufficient definition for peak picking. This expectation can easily be tested by examining a known multiplet, such as a triplet or quartet. The two- or three-line spacings are, of course, identical, and their equivalence must be reflected in the line listings displayed on the monitor. No matter what technique is used, J values between spin-coupled nuclei should always be reported as identical. 

The spectrum of research conducted by the community of clinical pharmaceutical scientists (CPSs) is broad (Fig. 1), with human research being common to all, as indicated by the shaded spheres of clinical research and outcomes research. Some clinical scientists may spend their entire careers focu.sed on human interventional or observational trials. However, CPSs may also extend the programmatic scope of their work into adjacent research spheres, including preclinical research. Fig. 1 also demonstrates that, although individuals who spend their entire careers exclusively in the preclinical sphere are indeed pharmaceutical scientists, they do not fit the definition of a clinical pharmaceutical scientist. It is the nature and the scope of research that defines the clinical pharmaceutical scientist. 

Definition C B plus deaths caused by the use of barbiturates, benzodiazepines, other sedatives and hypnotics. 

This last criterion is very significant because by definition it excludes the recreational use of stimulants, most depressants, sedatives, inhalants, and hallucinogens. Moderate use of alcohol is possible, and perhaps marijuana (although this seems to be more open to debate). Any recreational use of the other substancesspeed, cocaine, heroin, LSD, solvents, for exampleis probably not possible, given the power of their chemical effects. 

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