Obstetric factors

The relation between maternal morphine administration during labor and the Apgar score of the baby at birth has been studied (SED-11, 137) (96). The authors concluded that morphine alone did not seem to cause asphyxia at birth, but that morphine together with other fetal and/or obstetric factors would definitely be a cause for concern with regard to birth asphyxia. 

We propose that a redox/antioxidant dysregulation due to GSH deficit could represent a vulnerability factor at the early phase of brain development in at least a subgroup of schizophrenia patients. Combined with other genetic factors and environmental factors, such as stress, obstetrical complications or viral infections, it could favor the development of the disease. The role of the GSH deficit proposed allows integration in a causal way many phenomenological aspects of schizophrenia. It is compatible with both the DA and the glutamate/NMDA hypotheses and with the neuropathological observations. In contrast to... 

Rosso IM, Cannon TD, Huttunen T, Huttunen MO, Lonnqvist J, et al. 2000. Obstetric risk factors for early-onset schizophrenia in a Finnish birth cohort. Am J Psychiatry 157 801-807. 

Further study has suggested that environmental factors must play a very important role. These factors and their impact are poorly understood at the present time, but they include the possibility of maternal intrauterine viral infections during the gestational period, obstetrical complications during delivery, and perinatal conditions during the early days or months of the patient s life. Essentially, it would appear that schizophrenic patients have a genetic vulnerability to develop the disorder, which is manifested later in life if and when certain environmental conditions occur. 

Subhypnotic doses of propofol (20 mg) given to 120 women receiving intrathecal morphine after cesarean section had no significant effect on pruritus (55). Higher success rates have been reported for propofol with non-obstetric patients, suggesting that labor-related factors may perpetuate this adverse effect. 

L Obstetric complications (placental tissue factor activates clotting)... 

O A OAF Ob OB OBE-CALP Ob-Gyn OBS OC ers Anonymous observation and assessment osteoclast activating factor obstetrics occult blood placebo capsule or tablet obstetrics and gynecology organic brain syndrome oral contraceptive obstetrical conjugate oral care on call office call... 

From Table 3 it follows that etiological fraction of occupational risk factors contribution in frequency of menstrual cycle disturbance increases 4 times depending on harm of working conditions (class 3.2 - 16% class 3.3 -64%). It is known that menstrual function disturbance promotes the growth of obstetric morbidity. 

In the context of maternal health care, cultural factors can be paramount. The factors that determine whether a pregnant woman seeks prenatal care are complex. For example, among American black women in some localities, if a pregnancy is unwanted, prenatal care is considered undesirable. Also, lack of transportation often results in fewer prenatal-care visits.27 Even with free access to prenatal care, cultural factors determine how long women in various ethnic groups delay in making their first prenatal-care visit to an obstetric physician or clinic.28... 

Environmental risk factors include prenatal exposure to drugs such as alcohol and nicotine, obstetric complications, head injury, and psychosocial adversity (Biederman and Faraone, 2005 Romano et al., 2006). Prenatal exposure to ethanol affects mainly dopaminergic transmission and causes hyperactivity (Gibson et al., 2000). Rats exposed to ethanol prenatally show attention deficits that are similar to those of children with fetal alcohol syndrome and ADHD (Hausknecht et al., 2005). 

In our experiences, abnormal placentation did not affect the effectiveness of the procedure, concurring with the findings ofDESCARGUES et al. [43]. However, Vandelet et al. observed in a series of 29 patients that when an emergency postpartum embo-lotherapyis attempted, obstetrical history constitute a major risk factor and, furthermore, that transfer increases the morbidity rate [45]. 

Stones RW, Paterson CM, Saunders NJ (1993) Risk factors for major obstetric haemorrhage. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 48 15-18... 

S M Wang, P E)ezinno, I Maianets, M R Beiman, A A Caldwell-Andrews and Z N Kain, Low back pain during pregnancy prevalence, risk factors, and outcomes Obstetrics and Gynecology, 2004104 65-70. 

Brekelmans, C.T. 2003. Risk factors and risk reduction of breast and ovarian cancer. Current Opinion in Obstetrics and Gynecology 15, 63-68. 

Observational studies In a multicenter case series, 25 women received recombinant Factor Vila for treatment of severe obstetric haemorrhage [123 ]. A total of 9 patients experienced 11 adverse events within 28days of rFVIIa exanthema (n= 1), fever (n=1), hypopituitarism (n= 1), acute myocardial infarction (n=1), ileus (n = 1), asymptomatic deep vein thrombosis (n=2), asymptomatic PE (n=2) and allergic reaction (n=2). 

History of Obstetrical Complications. Previous obstetrical complications reflect potential problems which may recur in subsequent pregnancies. Nutrition related factors in the obstetrical history include inadequate weight gain, preeclampsia and/or toxemia, anemia, diabetes, bleeding prior to delivery, multiple pregnancy, premature or smallbirth-weight infant, and fetal or neonatal death. 

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