Robustness defined

Ruggedness/robustness Defined based on an experimental design and data (sensitive parameters and a range for each parameter in the final test method)... 

Robustness defines the ability of the immunoassay to perform within specifications (remain unaffected) when it is subjected to variations of anal3Tical conditions, such as changes in temperature, incubation times, and changes in test sample volumes. It is a measure of reliability during normal use of the assay. 

The long term behavior of any system (3) is described by so-called invariant measures a probability measure /r is invariant, iff fi f B)) = ft(B) for all measurable subsets B C F. The associated invariant sets are defined by the property that B = f B). Throughout the paper we will restrict our attention to so-called SBR-measures (cf [16]), which are robust with respect to stochastic perturbations. Such measures are the only ones of physical interest. In view of the above considerations about modelling in terms of probabilities, the following interpretation will be crucial given an invariant measure n and a measurable set B C F, the value /r(B) may be understood as the probability of finding the system within B. 

Robust stability can be investigated in the frequency domain, using the Nyquist stability criterion, defined in section 6.4.2. 

A somewhat more robust measure may be defined by invoking the universal Turing machine. Let be the initial state of a computation that is designed to solve a size-N problem. If the problem is to find a solution to the Traveling-Salesman problem, for example, N would correspond to the number of cities that the salesman must visit. 

A well-defined bed of particles does not exist in the fast-fluidization regime. Instead, the particles are distributed more or less uniformly throughout the reactor. The two-phase model does not apply. Typically, the cracking reactor is described with a pseudohomogeneous, axial dispersion model. The maximum contact time in such a reactor is quite limited because of the low catalyst densities and high gas velocities that prevail in a fast-fluidized or transport-line reactor. Thus, the reaction must be fast, or low conversions must be acceptable. Also, the catalyst must be quite robust to minimize particle attrition. 

In suspension, plant cells are significantly larger than most microbial cells and are typically of the order of 10-100 pm in size. They vary in shape from cylindrical to spherical. The plasma membrane is surrounded by a primary cell wall which defines the cell size and shape. The robustness of plant cells, relative to mammalian cells or to plant protoplasts [18], is usually attributed to the pre-... 

In hierarchical clustering one can obtain any number of clusters K,lhierarchical clustering, with the difference that there K is defined a priori by the user. The question then arises which A -clustering is significant. To introduce the problem let us first consider a technique that was proposed for the non-hierarchical method MASLOC [27], which selects so-called robust clusters. 

A way to obtain an idea on the robustness of the obtained solution is to retrain the network with a different weight initialization. The results of the different training sessions can be used to define a range around the performance curve as shown in Fig. 44.17. This procedure can also be used to compare different networks [20]. 

Confirmatory methods must be sufficiently robust to accurately verity the structure of the analyte. For the US FDA, the validation procedure for confirmatory methods is currently defined by Sphon. Validation criteria include reproducible chromatographic separation, ions chosen to be characteristic of the molecule. 

It is often difficult to define where sample extraction ends and cleanup procedures begin. Sample extracts may be injected directly into a gas or liquid chromatograph in certain cases, but this will be dependent on the analyte, sample matrix, injection, separation and detection system, and the limit of determination (LOD) which is required. It is also more likely that matrix-matched calibration standards will be needed in order to obtain robust quantitative data if no cleanup steps are employed. 

Once the velocity profile has been obtained, the shear rate is calculated. This is the most difficult step. To ensure that the viscosity is determined without any bias, no assumption is made regarding the constitutive behavior of the material. Every effort is made to obtain smooth, robust values of the shear rate without any bias towards a particular model of the flow behavior. Particularly near the tube center, the velocity profiles are distorted by the discrete nature of the information. The size of a pixel is defined by the velocity and spatial resolutions. These are given by... 

In the mid-to-late 1990s, SFC became an established technique, although only holding a niche position in the analytical laboratory. The lack of robust instruments and the inflexibility of such systems has led to the gradual decline of SFE-SFC. Only a small group of industrial SFE-SFC practitioners is still active. Also the application area for SFC is not as clearly defined as for GC or HPLC. Nevertheless, polymer additives represent a group of compounds which has met most success in SFE-SFC. The major drawbacks of SFE-SFC are the need for an optimisation procedure for analyte recovery by SFE (Section 3.4.2), and the fair chance of incompatibility with the requirements of the chromatographic column. The mutual interference of SFE and SFC denotes non-ideal hyphenation. 

Paraphrasing Corey s historic definition of synthon [203], Desiraju defined a supramolecular synthon as a structural unit within a supermolecule that can be formed or assembled by known or conceivable synthetic operations involving intermolecular interactions [204], The robustness of the XB has allowed several supramolecular synthons based on this interaction to be identified and some examples have been presented in this chapter. 

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