Scaling fields

Bruce A D and Wilding N B 1992 Scaling fields and universality of the liquid-gas critical point Phys. Rev.L 68 193-6... 

Any site-related activities such as bench-scale laboratory and R D activities should comply with the OSHA Laboratory Standard (29 CER 1910.1450). R D activities involving pilot- or full-scale field operations should comply with HAZWOPER when there is reasonable possibility for worker exposure to hazardous wastes or substances or emergency response. 

SLAB calculates chemical concentrations at positions downwind and heights above the ground. Tlic plume may be denser-than-air, neutrally-buoyant, or less dense than air. Thermodynamics effeci.s are accounted for, including latent heat exchanges due to the condensation or evaporation ot liquids, Time averaged results may be calculated. SLAB is the easiest of the publicly-available dense gas models to set up and mn. It has been extensively validated against large-scale field data. 

C Lehcimaki, M. Performance of Ventilation Filters Pilot Field Tests, Material Test and full Scale Field Test. Tampere, Finland, December 18, 1997,... 

Large-scale field experiments under natural conditions... 

Siegrist RL, OR West, MI Morris, DA Pickering, DW Greene, CA Muhr, DD Davenport, JS Gierke (1995) In situ mixed region vapor stripping in low-permeability media. 2. Pull-scale field experiments. Environ Sci Technol 29 2198-2207. 

Size of Subsample. Although it is experimentally obvious that, with many fruits and vegetables, an arbitrary 8- to 30-pound field sample is hardly adequate for true representation of a field plot, practical considerations in large scale field operations delimit the size of the sample. 

The U.S. DOE has sponsored the ALCD, which is a large-scale field test of two conventional designs (RCRA Subtitle C and Subtitle D) and four alternative landfill covers (monolithic ET cover, capillary barrier ET cover, geosynthetic clay liner cover, and anisotropic—layered capillary barrier—ET cover). The test was conducted at Sandia National Laboratories, located on Kirtland Air Force Base in Albuquerque, New Mexico.84 The ALCD has collected information on the construction, cost, and performance that are needed to compare alternative cover designs with conventional covers. The... 

This is valid for any Newtonian fluid in any (circular) pipe of any size (scale) under given dynamic conditions (e.g., laminar or turbulent). Thus, if the values of jV3 (i.e., the Reynolds number 7VRe) and /V, (e/D) for an experimental model are identical to the values for a full-scale system, it follows that the value of N6 (the friction factor) must also be the same in the two systems. In such a case the model is said to be dynamically similar to the full-scale (field) system, and measurements of the variables in N6 can be translated (scaled) directly from the model to the field system. In other words, the equality between the groups /V3 (7VRc) and N (e/D) in the model and in the field is a necessary condition for the dynamic similarity of the two systems. 

Example 2-3 Scale-Up of Pipe Flow. We would like to know the total pressure driving force (AP) required to pump oil (/z = 30 cP, p = 0.85 g/cm3) through a horizontal pipeline with a diameter (D) of 48 in. and a length (L) of 700 mi, at a flow rate (Q) of 1 million barrels per day. The pipe is to be of commercial steel, which has an equivalent roughness (e) of 0.0018 in. To get this information, we want to design a laboratory experiment in which the laboratory model (m) and the full-scale field pipeline (f) are operating under dynamically similar conditions so that measurements of AP in the model can be scaled up directly to find AP in the field. The necessary conditions for dynamic similarity for this system are... 

Nordkvist, M. 1975. Large scale field trials against larvae of Oedemagena tarandi and Cephenomyia trompe in Swedish reindeer. Biol. Pap. Univ. Alaska 1 518-522. 

In the JAPEX/JNOC/GSC program, small-scale field production tests were conducted by using pressure-drawdown experiments. Data measured in response to depressurization are pressure, temperature, gas flow, and water flow. During our study, these data were not available to us. 

Pilot-scale treatability studies are enlargements of bench-scale tests, which more closely approach the full-scale project. The objective of pilot-scale tests is to verify treatability outside of a laboratory setting and verify the actual field conditions. Many pilot-scale studies are performed at the actual project site. Data from pilot-scale studies are used to design full-scale field operations. A pilot test may include the following ... 

Kinsella, J. V. and Nelson, M. J. K., 1993, In Situ Bioremediation Site Characterization, System Design, and Full Scale Field Remediation of Petroleum Hydrocarbon and Trichloroethylene Contaminated Groundwater In Bioremediation Field Experience (edited by P. E. Flathman and D. E. Jerger), CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL. 

The effect of immediate injection in comparison with conventional surface spreading was also studied in large-scale field experiments. One objective was to study the dependence of the odour strength on the distance from the manured field and on the length of time that had elapsed since the spreading took place. 

The suggested bulk material factors are applied to direct equipment costs, whereas the bulk labor factors apply to the corresponding bulk material item. Because the distributive factors are based on larger scale field built plants, FETC applies an additional factory fabrication adjustment to reflect a more modular construction approach requiring less field fabrication as would likely be the case with smaller plant configurations. This approach is illustrated in reference (18). 

The vendor states that technology has been tested in pilot- and full-scale field demonstrations at over 85 sites in the United States and Europe. In situ reactive zones using molasses is commercially available. 

Soil slurry-sequencing batch reactor (SS-SBR) is a technology for the biological treatment of organic contaminants in soil. The technology has been evaluated in full-scale field tests but is not commercially available. The SS-SBR system consists of a set of tanks operated on a fill-and-draw basis. Each tank is filled during a discrete period of time and operated as a batch reactor. According to the vendor, reaction times are on the order of days. 

In 1998, a pilot-scale field demonstration of cosolvent flushing technology took place in Jacksonville, Florida. The cost of the demonstration was approximately 440,000. Plans were in development for a full-scale application of the technology. It was estimated that alcohol reinjection could reduce the cost of treatment by up to 50% (D21314Z, p. 10). 

FyreZyme, a proprietary product of Ecological Technologies International, Inc., is commercially available and has been utilized in full-scale field demonstrations on petroleum-contaminated soils and in groundwater. 

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