Bench-scale laboratory

Any site-related activities such as bench-scale laboratory and R D activities should comply with the OSHA Laboratory Standard (29 CER 1910.1450). R D activities involving pilot- or full-scale field operations should comply with HAZWOPER when there is reasonable possibility for worker exposure to hazardous wastes or substances or emergency response. 

Pilot plant studies. The reactors used in these studies are significantly larger than those in bench scale laboratory experiments. One... 

Bench scale laboratory, in fine chemical research and development, 11 426 Bench scales, 26 243 precision, 26 245... 

Laboratory-scale test procedures consisting of jar test studies have been used for years, and the test methodology developed is such that full-scale designs can be developed from these studies with a high degree of confidence. A jar test is a series of bench-scale laboratory procedures made on 1- or 2-1 water samples to determine the most effective water treatment method. Tests are performed to identify the most effective coagulants, optimum dosage, optimum pH, and most effective order in which to add various chemicals. 

Also described in Ref. k is a new optical layout for LV data acquisition which permits a significant increase in the overlap between the Raman and LV probe test volumes. The worth of the various correlations of density and temperature with velocity is critically dependent upon the accuracy of this overlap at all flame measurement positions. Thus, one must either lock the Raman and LV probes together in a precise but movable fashion -a rather difficult procedure for the precision required for bench scale" laboratory flames - or else translate the flame. 

The widespread application of herbicides in agriculture has resulted in many polluted surface waters. As a result, numerous pesticides/herbicides have been treated in bench-scale laboratory studies with 03/UV/H202 processes during the last 10 years (see Table 10). Among them, many studies focused on the treatment of atrazine and other. v-triazine herbicides (simazine, prop-azine, etc.). Atrazine is a priority pollutant that similar to other individual pesticides has a very low maximum contaminant level (MCL) (0.1 pg L 1 for the European Environmental Commission according to Directive 80/778/ EEC). In some countries atrazine cannot be used but it is still found in many surface waters. In France, for example, atrazine was banned on September 28, 2001. From applied technologies, only carbon adsorption [180] and possibly advanced oxidations can be recommended to remove some of these... 

Use of Literature for Specific Systems A large body of experimental data obtained in bench-scale laboratory units and in small-diameter packed towers has been published since the early 1940s. One might wish to consider using such data for a particular chemically... 

The solids pressure p ax is the maximum pressure exerted by the rollers at approximately a = 0° that produces a compact of sufficient strength and density. It is determined in bench scale laboratory tests. In general, a pressure exists for each material above which compact strength no longer significantly increases. Similarly, there is usually a specific pressure at which optimum density is obtained. Since these conditions are often close to each other, they provide well-defined load limits of the roller press. 

Bench-scale laboratory development studies and testing to validate the process chemistry... 

Table 5 P2 Data to Be Collected for Bench-scale Laboratory Development Studies and Testing...

From a bench-scale laboratory reactor designed to operate at nearly constant temperature and composition. Usually operating conditions are chosen to facilitate separating the effects of diffusion and heat transfer (the physical processes) from the observed measurements, so that the rate of the chemical step can be accurately evaluated. This is the most successful of the three methods. 

Laboratory Penetration Tests. Bench-scale laboratory penetration tests were performed to evaluate the possibility of applying molten sulfur directly to soil test specimens consisting of fine construction sand to stabilize them from wind and rain erosion. The emphasis was on penetration of the sulfur or chemically modified sulfur into the test specimen directly, thus avoiding the necessity of applying external heat to promote penetration. 

Interest in soil decontamination by electrokinetic processing has been increasing steadily, as shown by the volume of scientific studies. There have been two workshop/conferences dedicated to this topic in the U.S. in recent years [86,87] and a number of companies now have offered specialized services in this area. The technology is an emerging one and it is not yet fully mature. There exists a need to conduct further basic and applied studies before it achieves its full potential. In environmental remediation, the site chemistry before and after any application of technical processes need to be fully evaluated. It is recommended that bench scale, laboratory tests be undertaken prior to any site work to help optimize the process parameters. Although the... 

Pilot-plant studies. The reactors used in these studies are significantly larger than those employed in bench-scale laboratory experiments. One uses essentially the reverse of the design procedures developed later in the chapter to determine the effective reaction rate from the pilot-plant data. In analysis of data of this type, one... 

Order-of-magnitude estimate based on bench-scale laboratory data sufficient to determine the type of equipment and its arrangement to convert the feedstock(s) to produces). 

Other model considerations are necessary for simulating bench-scale, laboratory reactors and micro-scale reactors with integrated catalyst and reactor. Flow regimes are at different gas velocities and catalyst particle sizes are smaller than in an industrial reactor or the catalyst is integrated... 

The proper design of commercial pyrolysis reactors requires a suitable expression for the intrinsic rate of the reactions. As intrinsic rate equations cannot yet be predicted, especially for the ultrapyrolysis regime, experimental data is required. This data is best obtained from bench-scale laboratory reactors, rather than from pilot plants or commercial-scale units. In laboratory scale pyrolysis reactors, the design and operating conditions can be chosen to reduce or eliminate the effects of mass and heat transfer, contaminants and catalytic surfaces from the observed measurements, thus allowing for the development of accurate expressions. It is most advantageous if the laboratory reactor is operated isothermally (in space and time), so that the temperature can be considered as an independent variable. Also, the pressure should be ideally kept constant. 

Over the past decade, there has been a broad effort in the scientific community to miniaturize chemical systems via microfluidic platforms. The concept is to construct compact devices with integrated modular functionalities [42]. These micrometer-sized modules can perform functions that are analogous to bench-scale laboratory processes, hence the name, lab-on-a-chip. For making droplets, a lab-on-a-chip microfluidic device could be envisioned to have the following modules ... 

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