Saturn vehicle

The first major industrial use of thermoplastics (a filled blend of polycarbonate [PC] and acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene [ABS]) in an automotive exterior door panel, rocker panel, and rear panel was introduced by The Dow Chemical Company in a special process developed for the General Motors Saturn line of vehicles. A formulated blend of nylon 6,6 and polyphenylene oxide (PPO), known as Noryl GTX, also was introduced at the same time in those same Saturn vehicles by General Electric Plastics (now SABIC) using a special assembly line procedure (Figures 9 and 10). 

Plated ABS is extensively used on radiator grills and headlamp bezels. Also, ABS is a frequent material of choice for exterior trim components. Because of their enhanced toughness and thermal stability over ABS, PC/ABS blends are often used on chrome-plated wheel covers (Fig. 8). PC/ABS is also used in door and deck-lid body panels on Saturn vehicles (Fig. 9). 

Thermoplastic composites for the vertical body panels of General Motors Saturne (1000 vehicles per day). 

Further, space shuttles, spacecrafts and other new launch vehicles would be used for exploring the moon, Mars, Saturn and other planets and again large quantities of propellants and some pyro devices as well would be required for such missions. 

A typical TBI concept is shown in Fig 1. It is the initial configuration for the Saturn V launch vehicle where the requirement called for maintaining a firm seal after detonation that would withstand 1 OOOOpsi pressure... 

Propellant utilization systems have been used to attain minimum propellant residual at engine cutoff by controlling outflow of one of the propellants within the limits of mixture ratio tolerances. Signals from point level sensors, which are spaced at various percent full levels in both the fuel and oxidizer tanks, can be compared on a time basis and processed through a computer. The computer may then provide the necessary mixture ratio control commands to a flow control valve. Such a system is presently used on the Atlas Standard Space Launch Vehicle (SSLV) and has been proposed for upper stages of Saturn. 

Anyone who has visited the Kennedy Space Center and seen the Vehicle Assembly Building (VAB)—originally built to process the Saturn V and currently used to assemble the Space Shuttle and its external tanks and solid rocket boosters—and the crawler-transporter— used to move the final assembled vehicle and mobile launch platform from the VAB to the launch pad—has an appreciation for the massive infrastructure requirements of a major space project. The ISS program has benefited substantially from the existence of the Apollo-era... 

The use of these devices is based on more than thirty years of operation experience on space vehicles of various types. As an example, the US Department of Energy (DoE) has up to now suppUed 44 radioisotope-powered thermoelectric generator systems, used in 24 space missions. The most recent thermoelectric generator built by the DoE, the General Purpose Heat Source Radioisotope Thermoelectric Generator (GPHS-RTG), (Fig. 26-1), produces 290 W of electric energy with less than 11 kg of plutonium dioxide. Three units are installed on the Cassini vehicle for the exploration of Saturn,... 

Doors Doors are an area where efforts to reduce the mass is limited by structural load criteria. Several vehicles have been designed with doors made of structural polymers to reduce the overall mass. The doors in a Saturn are a PC/ABS blend while the GM APV minivans used SMC doors. The GM EVl design was optimized for mass and performance. The doors in the EVl are a... 

Space applications for Ag-Zn cells include powering the space shuttle, space station, the lunar rover. Mars lander, and deep space probes. They were also used in the Saturn launch vehicles, the Apollo Lunar Lander, and life support jacket and to power space module operations Ml launch and return. In addition, they power spacecraft during launch and reentry. The lunar rover and space-walk suits are powered by the Ag-Zn battery systems. They also supply burst of power to supplement the fuel cell for operations in the command module. 

This value of A/7° is equivalent to 120 kJ/g of fuel (H2) compared with 50 kJ/g of methane. The second and third stages of the Saturn V launch vehicle that sent a three-man Apollo crew to the moon used a hydrogen/oxygen system. The launch vehicle contained liquid hydrogen (boiling at — 253°C) and liquid oxygen, or LOX (boiling... 

Copper High strength high resistance to fracture Aircraft fuel and oxidizer tanlu primary structure of Saturn space vehicle boosters... 

I do not believe anyone has systematically evaluated whether the Saturn activator for lapbelt use is more effective than the standard system. There is plenty of evidence, however, that the lap belt offers optimal protection from vehicle ejection and fatalities (Evans, 1991). Moreover, field observations have revealed a decrease in lap-belt use in vehicles with automatic shoulder belts (Williams et al., 1989). If any safety-belt reminder system can increase the use of vehicle lap belts, it will be the Saturn activator because it is based on theory and procedures developed from behavioral science research. 

Secondary (and high-rate primary) batteries were specially developed for the US Space Administration (NASA) Apollo ILM Saturn programme. A total of 24 secondary and primary silvcr-zinc batteries were used on each Saturn V vehicle. The Moon Buggy or Lunar Rover used for driving on the surface of the moon in 1971 was powered by two manually activated secondary silver-zinc batteries. This vehicle reached speeds of 5-6 miles/h. The Agena, a workhorse launch vehicle/satellite since 1959, is powered with silver—zinc batteries. When originally developed, in 1959, these batteries had a power density of 36 W h/kg. This has since been increased to 53 W h/kg. 

One of the earliest aluminum alloys containing lithium was 2020. This alloy in the T6 temper was commercially introduced in 1957 as a structural alloy with good strength properties up to 175 °C (350 °F). It has a modulus 8% higher and a density 3% lower than alloy 7075-T6. Alloy 2020 was rarely used in aircraft because of its relatively low fracture toughness. It was used in the tluust structure of the Saturn S-IL the second stage of the Saturn V launch vehicle (Ref 22). 

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