COMMAND AND CONTROL

Moreover, in the 1970s, air, water, and waste were treated as separate problem areas to be governed by their own statutes and regulations. Toward the latter part of the decade, however, it became obvious that environmental problems were closely interwoven and should be treated in concert. The traditional type of regulation—command and control—had severely restricted compliance options. 

Why will the command and control approach not work for residenHal indoor air quality ... 

The Clinton Administration (1993-2000) that followed was far more inclined to embrace environmental activism than Reagan or Bush, and far more likely to propose command and control solutions to energy and environmental problems. However, the Clinton Administration also realized the need to allow markets to work, to do otheiwise would result in some of the disastrous consequences of intervention policies used in the 1970s. 

Emergency preparedness. The purpose of this element is to reduce the environmental damage from any unplanned event. By establishing and publicizing clear lines of command and control, as well as the actions to be taken in particular circumstances, the time taken to get an emergency under control can be significantly reduced. Emergency procedures should... 

The European Commission, as part of its policy to encourage industry to adopt more sustainable practices, created the EMAS system in 1993. EMAS was also seen as a move towards stated the EU goal of encouraging industry to adopt more self-regulatory practices and a move away from command and control type central legislation. 

Secondly, stmctural features in dmg regulation in countries operating a federal system of government affect the ability of the DRA to monitor dmg distribution throughout the entire country. In Australia, authority over distribution channels is fully delegated to the individual states. As a result, the TGA does not have the authority to assess and control the dmg distribution situation for the whole country. In contrast, the Pharmaceutical Services Division in Malaysia appoints a deputy director of health in each of its 13 states with power to issue licences, carry out inspections and submit reports. Under this arrangement, command and control may be exercised and an official channel established for information flow between the federal and state governments. 

Such a problem is not necessarily inevitable in federal-state delegation of authority. Mechanisms exist in some countries which can provide a link in the line of command and control. In Malaysia, the chief officer of the state regulatory authority is also a member of the federal-level organization. Policy communications between the federal and state levels, such as reporting, thereby become a routine. 

The primary goals of the project were to provide leadership in environmental stewardship and flexibility in regulation as an alternative to the command and control approach enumerated in the Cluster Rules (promulgated in 1998). The project, designated International Paper Effluent Improvements Project, was conducted at the International Paper (IP) Androscoggin Paper Mill in Jay, Maine (Figure 21.9) between the project start date of July 29, 2000, and its formal conclusion on December 29, 2004.81... 

The policies span a range of regulatory approaches. The main alternative is between command and control (CAC) and market-based (MB) instruments, and a relevant role can also be played by the insurance sector. 

Command and control Carbon tax Tradable permit system... 

Once they reach acetylcholine receptors, BZ molecules hang on for dear life. So tenacious is their grip that they take hit after hit from the weaker acetylcholine molecules. For tens of hours acetylcholine is unable to exert command and control of mental activities. Like sugar in a gas tank, BZ gums up the transmission. The result is incapacitation. 

As Geiser stated (Geiser, 1998), the P2 movement differed dramatically and fundamentally from the conventional command and control, end-of-pipe, media-specific, compliance and enforcement system that was dominant in environmental protection policy during the 1980s. The P2 movement has been slow to develop the internal capacities that would promote the environmental successes that the pollution prevention concept offers. Geiser laid out five uncompleted tasks in the promotion of pollution prevention (Geiser, 1995). The current text seeks to address only one of these the chemical substitutes for existing chemicals. 

Finally, I consider whether command-and-control regulation by government agencies enhances the efficient use of information. Said differently, should we permit individuals to ignore government recommendations about private goods ... 

Now consider equity. For purposes of discussion, assume information markets work well and the difference between a world with codes as suggestions and codes as command-and-control devices is the possibility that someone might knowingly live in a structure that is not in compliance with building codes. Why would someone choose to do that ... 

Governments assist in the acquisition of information by funding and conducting basic research. Under command-and-control regulation, however, government agencies also use information to set behavior standards. 

The best mix of liability rules, information markets, and regulations varies across commodities even if efficiency is the only criterion. Because all are suboptimal in practice, the proper mix also depends on people s inefficiency preferences. Asserting that one values individual liberty eliminates only command-and-control regulation from the set of possibilities. Under the right circumstances, no liability, the negligence rule, strict liability, and strict liability with contributory negligence all promote individual liberty. On balance, 1 favor no liability or the negligence rule because 1 believe the adverse side effects of sfrict liability are too severe. 

Many academics favor emissions markets, but those markets play a small role in actual policy. Instead, governments manage pollution primarily with command-and-control standards for ambient chemical levels and emissions. 

Regulation could duplicate emissions-market results, but most scholars doubt that it does so in practice. Command-and-control regulation, as practiced by the EPA, does not remotely resemble the maximization of expected years of life saved. Instead, two characteristics prevent regulation from easily imitating market results (Crandall 1983). 

---