Salmo

Fig. 7. Toxicity of chlorine to aquatic organisms, (a) Time-dependent mortaUty (50%) of four example species in various levels of total residual chlorine in the laboratory, where for A, A.losa aestivalis and B, Salmogairdnerii r (correlation coefficient of the curve) = —0.96 and for C, P/euroneetesplatessa and D, Salmo trutta r = —0.98. (b) A summary of chlorine toxicity to freshwater species, indicating overall no-effect thresholds for acute and chronic exposures. Numbers indicate where more than one test yielded the same result. A different summary figure appHes to marine organisms because of differences in the...

Intensive or extensive culture of aquatic animals requires chemicals that control disease, enhance the growth of cultured species, reduce handling trauma to organisms, improve water quality, disinfect water, and control aquatic vegetation, predaceous insects, or other nuisance organisms. The aquacultural chemical need for various species have been described for rainbow trout, Oncorhjnchus mjkiss (1) Adantic and Pacific salmon, Salmo and Oncorhjnchus sp. (2) channel catfish, Ictaluruspunctatus (3) striped bass, Morone saxatilis (4) milkfish, Chanos chanos (5) moUusks (6) penaeid (Penaeus sp.) shrimp (7) and a variety of other marine species (8). 

Then 0.14 g of salmiridine sulfate dissolved in water is added, while shaking. Salmiridine is a protamine derived from the sperm of Salmo irideus Gibbons, or rainbow trout, Sal-miridine insulin (a protamine-insulin) containing zinc is promptly precipitated. Enough water is now added to make a total of one liter, and the whole is shaken again. After standing for about an hour, the precipitated salmiridine-insulin is found to have become crystalline. 

Bangsgaard, K., Madsen, S.S., and Korsgaard, B. (2006). Effect of waterhome exposnre to 4-tert-octylphenol and 17(beta)-estradiol on smoltification and downstream migration in Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar. Aquatic Toxicology 80, 23-32. 

Jaensson, A., Scott, A.P., and Moore, A. et al. (2007). Effects of a pyrethroid pesticide on endocrine responses to female odours and reproductive behaviour in male parr of brown trout (Salmo trutta L.). Aquatic Toxicology 81, 1-9. 

McNicholl, P.G. and Mackay, W.C. (1975). Effect of Ddt and Ms-222 on learning a simple conditioned-response in rainbow-trout (Salmo gairdneri). Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada 32, 661-665. 

NORDRUM S, BAKKE-MCKELLEP A M, KROGDAHL A, BUDDINGTON R K (2000) Effects of Soybean meal and salinity on intestinal transport of nutrients in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) and rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss). Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol. 125 317-35. 

Christiansen, R., Lie, O., and Torrissen, O.J., Growth and survival of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L, fed different dietary levels of astaxanthin first-feeding fry, Aquacult. Nutr., 1, 189, 1995. 

Demethylation of pentachloroanisole in rainbow tront (Salmo gairdneri = Oncorhyn-chus mykiss) (Glickman et al. 1977), and of chlorinated veratroles by zebra fish (Neilson et al. 1989). 

Egaas E, U Varanasi (1982) Effects of polychlorinated biphenyls and environmental temperature on in vitro formation of benzo[a]pyrene metabolites by liver of trout (Salmo gairdneri). Biochem Pharmacol 31 561-566. 

Hunn JB, RA Schoettger, WA Willford (1968) Turnover and urinary excretion of free and acetylated MS 222 by rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri. J Fish Res Bd Can 25 215-231. 

Niimi AJ, HB Lee, GP Kissoon (1989) Octanol/water partition coefficients and bioconcentration factors of chloronitrobenzenes in rainbow trout Salmo gairdneri) Environ Toxicol Client 8 817-823. 

Niimi AJ, Lowe-Jinde L. 1984. Differential blood cell ratios of rainbow trout (Salmo gaird-neri) exposed to methylmercury and chlorobenzenes. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 13 303-311. 

Rogers DW, Beamish FW. 1981. Uptake of waterborne methyhnercury by rainbow trout Salmo gairdneri) in relation to oxygen consumption and methyhnercury concentration. Can JFishAquat Sci 38 1309-1315. 

Mortelmans K, Zeiger E The Ames Salmo-nella/microsome mutagenicity assay. Mutat Res 2000 455 29-60. 

The Ebro catchment has the highest richness of autochthonous limnetic species in the Iberian Peninsula [51]. Salaria (blennius) fluviatilis, is common at the main channel and tributaries, and Chondrostoma toxostoma only occurs at the tributaries. Leuciscus cephalus is a fish of narrow distribution, found only at the Ebro river basin and other small catchments of NE Spain. Salmonids are common at the headwaters one species is native Salmo trutta and two introduced others, Salmo gairdneri and Salvelinus fontinalis. Part of the autocthonous species are endemic, for example the cyprinids Barbus graellsii and Barbus haasi, the cobitid C. calderoni with scattered and scarce populations [52] and A. iberus. 

Brown trout, Salmo trutta Rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss Max. 2.05 FW 67... 

Brown, V., D. Shurben, W. Miller, and M. Crane. 1994. Cadmium toxicity to rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum and brown trout Salmo trutta L. over extended exposure periods. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Safety 29 38-46. 

Linde, A.R., R Arribas, S. Sanchez-Galan, and E. Garcia-Vazquez. 1996. Eel (Anguilla anguilla) and brown trout (Salmo trutta) target species to assess the biological impact of trace metal pollution in freshwater ecosystems. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 31 297-302. 

Roberts, K.S., A. Cryer, J. Kay, J.F. de L.G. Solbe, J.R. Wharfe, and W.R. Simpson. 1979. The effects of exposure to sub-lethal concentrations of cadmium on enzyme activities and accumulation of the metal in tissues and organs of rainbow and brown trout (Salmo gairdneri, Richardson and Salmo truttafario L.). Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 62C 135-140. 

Rombough, P.J. and E.T. Garside. 1982. Cadmium toxicity and accumulation in eggs and alevins of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar. Canad. Jour Zool. 60 2006-2014. 

Anestis, I. and R.J. Neufeld. 1986. Avoidance-preference reactions of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) after prolonged exposure to chromium (VI). Water Res. 20 1233-1241. 

Arillo, A., C. Margiocco, F. Melodia, and P. Mensi. 1982. Biochemical effects of long term exposure to Cr, Cd, Ni on rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri Rich.) influence of sex and season. Chemosphere 11 47-57. 

Buhler, D.R., R.M. Stokes, and R.S. Caldwell. 1977. Tissue accumulation and enzymatic effects of hexavalent chromium in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). Jour. Fish. Res. Board Canada 34 9-18. 

Calamari, D., G.F. Gaggino, and G. Pacchetti. 1982. Toxicokinetics of low levels of Cd, Cr, Ni and their mixture in long-term treatment on Salmo gairdneri Rich. Chemosphere 11 59-70. 

Van der Putte, I., J. Lubbers, and Z. Kolar. 1981a. Effect of pH on uptake, tissue distribution and retention of hexavalent chromium in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). Aquat. Toxicol. 1 3-18. 

Van der Putte, I. and P. Part. 1982. Oxygen and chromium transfer in perfused gills of rainbow trout Salmo gairdneri) exposed to hexavalent chromium at two different pH levels. Aquat. Toxicol. 2 31-45. 

Lauren, D J. and D.G. McDonald. 1987a. Acclimation to copper by rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri physiology. Canad. Jour. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 44 99-104. 

Sayer, M.D.J., J.P. Reader, and R. Morris. 1991. Embryonic and larval development of brown trout, Salmo trutta L. exposure to trace metal mixtures in soft water. Jour. Fish Biol. 38 773-787. 

Snarski, V.M. 1992. The response of rainbow trout Salmo gairdneri to Aeromonas hydrophila after sublethal exposures to PCB and copper. Environ. Pollut. 28A 219-232. 

Winberg, S., R. Bjerselius, E. Baatrup, and K.J. Doving. 1992. The effect of Cu(II) on the electro-olfactogram (EOG) of the Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L) in artificial freshwater of varying inorganic carbon concentrations. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Safety 24 167-178. 

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