Conditioned responses

The main target of action of methylphenidate, the most widespread clinically used psychostimulant, is the dopamine transporter (DAT) its inhibition increases intrasynaptic dopamine concentrations. The subcortical dopamine system (mesolimbic and nigrostriatal parts) mediates the unconditioned and conditioned responses toward reinforcement. 

Childress AR, McLellan AT, Ehrman R, et al Classically conditioned responses in opioid and cocaine dependence a role in relapse NIDA Res Monogr 84 23 3, 1988... 

McLellan AT, Childress AR, Ehrman R, et al Extinguishing conditioned responses during opiate dependence treatment turning laboratory findings into clinical procedures. J Subst Abuse Treat 3 33 0, 1986... 

At a more subtle level, behavioral disturbances may make it more difficult for animals to find food. Pyrethroids, carbamates, OPs, and neonicotinoids can disturb the foraging activity of bees (Thompson 2003). Interestingly, effects have been shown upon the wagtail dance of bees, and this disrupts communication between individuals as to the location of nectar-bearing plants. Also, the neonicotinoid imidacloprid has been shown to adversely affect conditioned responses such as proboscis extension of honeybees (Guez et al. 2001). Nicotinoids can disturb the functioning of cholinergic synapses, which are involved in the operation of the proboscis reflex as... 

McNicholl, P.G. and Mackay, W.C. (1975). Effect of Ddt and Ms-222 on learning a simple conditioned-response in rainbow-trout (Salmo gairdneri). Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada 32, 661-665. 

Cell system Shear system Conditions Response indicator References... 

Taylor, K.S., G.D. Waller, and L.A. Crowder. 1987. Impairment of a classical conditioned response of the honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) by sublethal doses of synthetic pyrethroid insecticides. Apidologie 18 243-252. Theophilidis, G., M. Benaki, and E. Papadopoulu-Mourkidou. 1997. Neurotoxic action of six pyrethroid insecticides on the isolated sciatic nerve of a frog (Rana ridibunda). Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 118C 97-103. Tippe, A. 1987. Evidence for different mechanisms of action of the three pyrethroids, deltamethrin, cypermethrin, and fenvalerate, on the excitation threshold of myelinated nerve. Pestic. Biochem. Physiol. 28 67-74. 

As normal bilirubin level commences from zero, hence conditions responsible for its decrease are practically non-existent,... 

The response of the fuel cell to system disturbances or load swings also must be considered whether it is connected to a dedicated load or to the utility s grid. Demonstrated fuel cell power conditioning responses are (33) ... 

In garter snakes Thamnophis sirtalis) a VNO-mediated stimulus can reinforce behavior dried earthworm wash or earthworm bits can be used to reward correct performance in a conditioned response to an arbitrary stimulus, such as dots versus stripes in a Y-maze (Halpern etal., 1985). In red-eared turtles the VNO is considered to involve aqueous chemoreception in water. Salt solutions and soluble vapor substances generated activity in the accessory olfactory bulb (Hatanaka and Hanada, 1987). 

The conditioned response elicited by a CS+ might be similar to the unconditioned response to the UCS. However, it seems to be more appropriate to assume that the conditioned response is elicited by the anticipation of the UCS rather than necessarily consisting of any component of the unconditioned response (Fanselow 1994 Gray and McNaughton 2000). The nature of the conditioned response depends on the UCS and the behavioural repertoire of a distinct species and cannot be controlled by the experimenter. 

Grace AA, Rosenkranz JA (2002) Regulation of conditioned responses of basolateral amygdala neurons. Physiol Behav 77 489-493... 

Conditioning. A Pavlovian explanation of placebo effects has been based on the traditional model of classical conditioning active ingredients serve as unconditional stimuli and the vehicles in which they are delivered (pills, injections), particularly the elements of therapeutic procedures, function as conditional stimuli. After repeated pairing of unconditioned and conditioned stimuli, the conditional stimulus elicits a conditional response even if the conditioned stimulus (e.g. the pill) is presented alone (without active ingredient). 

The conditions responsible for the jumping detonation are evidently those for propagation of deton thru inert media such as glass and steel in which the shock wave first outruns the reaction and is then suddenly overtaken after the chemical reaction has finally built to a critical stage in which.a heat pulse is able to propagate (Ref 52, p 59)... 

Childress, Anna R., A. Thomas McLellan, Ronald Ehrman, and Charles P. O Brien. 1988. "Classically Conditioned Responses in Opioid and Cocaine Dependence A Role in Relapse " National Institute on Drug Abuse Research Monograph Series 84 25-43. 

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