Iberian Peninsula

At the beginning of the twentieth century, the world s sulfur demand of about two million metric tons was met by sulfur produced from elemental deposits in Sicily, Italy, and from pyrite mined on the Iberian Peninsula. By 1995, sulfur was recovered in more than 78 countries. 

Fig. 2 Relative proportion (%) of water demand in relation to available resources in the main catchments of the Iberian Peninsula (data derived from Libro Blanco del Agua en Espana, Spanish Ministry of Environment 2000)...

Rodrigo FS, Barriendos M (2008) Reconstruction of seasonal and annual rainfall variability in the Iberian peninsula (16th-20th centuries) from documentary data. Glob Planet Change 63 243-257... 

Thymus caespitosus Brot. occurs on the northwestern Iberian Peninsula and on the Madeiran and Azorean archipelagos. One of the Azores group is Sao Jorge, a small island, located at ca. 38°40 N, 28°03 W, with an area of about 246km and a width that does not exceed 10km at any point (see Fig. 2.27 for location of Azores). The island possesses a uniform climate and offers little in the way of environmental extremes. It is thus of some interest that significant quantitative chemical variation... 

Goldfarb, A.M. Alfonso-. "The establishment of Islamic alchemy in the Iberian peninsula." In Alchemy revisited, ed. Z.R.W.M. von Martels, 127-132. Leiden Brill,... 

Trujillo Garcia R and Mata C (2000), The Dehesa an extensive livestock system in the Iberian Peninsula , in Proceedings of the 2nd NAHWOA Workshop, Cordoba, 8-11 January, 2000. 

The Ebro River basin is located in the NE of the Iberian Peninsula, occupying a total surface of 85,362 Km2. Most of the watershed surface area is in Spanish territory, but small parts drain in Andorra and in France (445 km2 and 502 km2, respectively). The Ebro River is the largest hydrographic basin in Spain, accounting for 17.3% of its total surface area. 

Fig. 1 Map of the Ebro River watershed showing the main cities and tributaries. The position of the Ebro with respect to the Iberian Peninsula is also indicated...

Santisteban JI, Schulte L (2007) Fluvial networks of the Iberian Peninsula a chronological framework. Quaternary Sci Rev 26 2738-2757... 

Gallart F, Llorens P (2004) Observations on land cover changes and the headwaters of the Ebro catchment, water resources in Iberian Peninsula Phys Chem Earth 29 769-773... 

Vericat D, Batalla RJ (2005) Sediment transport in a highly regulated fluvial system during two consecutive floods (lower Ebro River, NE Iberian Peninsula). Earth Surf Process Land-... 

Vericat D (2005) Sediment transport and processes in a highly regulated river. The lower Ebro, NE Iberian Peninsula. Universitat de Lleida, Lleida. PhD Thesis. Digital publication on the TDX online service. ISBN L-1221-2006/ 84-690-0835-2, p 320... 

Fig. 1 Location of the Ebro River basin. The red polygon shows the extent of the study area selected for the hydrological simulations, with a total surface of 42,000 km2. The inset shows the location of the Ebro River basin in the Iberian Peninsula...

Considering now the air temperature, we note that both RCMs project an increase in all the seasonal temperatures, with the largest increase obtained during the summer (5.6°C and 8.8°C for the HIRHAM H and RCAO E, respectively), which confirm the findings of previous studies conducted in the Iberian peninsula... 

The Ebro catchment has the highest richness of autochthonous limnetic species in the Iberian Peninsula [51]. Salaria (blennius) fluviatilis, is common at the main channel and tributaries, and Chondrostoma toxostoma only occurs at the tributaries. Leuciscus cephalus is a fish of narrow distribution, found only at the Ebro river basin and other small catchments of NE Spain. Salmonids are common at the headwaters one species is native Salmo trutta and two introduced others, Salmo gairdneri and Salvelinus fontinalis. Part of the autocthonous species are endemic, for example the cyprinids Barbus graellsii and Barbus haasi, the cobitid C. calderoni with scattered and scarce populations [52] and A. iberus. 

Caiola N, Sostoa A (2002) First record of the Asiatic cyprinid Pseudorasbora parva in the Iberian Peninsula. J Fish Biol 61 1058-1060... 

Franch N, Clavero M, Garrido M, Gaya N, Lopez V, Pou-Rovira Q, Queral JM (2008) On the establishment and range expansion of oriental weatherfish (Misgurnus anguillicaudatus) in NE Iberian Peninsula. Biol Invasions 10 1327-1331... 

Apart from of investigating the concentration of priority pollutants to assess the temporal and geographic trends as it has been done in the Ebro river basin until nowadays, the SCARCE project pretends to evaluate the consequences of the climate change in the water quality as well as predicting new environmental risks derived from water scarcity. This will be done by determining the presence of new priority (i.e. perfluorinated compounds) and emerging toxicants in Mediterranean river ecosystems in the Iberian Peninsula. In a subsequent step, the effects of chemical and environmental stressors on the biota will be assessed by combining field and experimental studies. The effects of multiple stressors will be addressed from a multi-biomarker perspective [27]. 

Garcia-Berthou E, Moreno-Amich R (2000) Rudd (Scardinius erythrophthalmus) introduced to the Iberian peninsula feeding ecology in Lake Banyoles. Hydrobiologia 436 159-164... 

Among these regions is the Ebro River, the Spain s most voluminous and important river in the country. With 910 km, the river accounts for approximately 6% of all riverine waters entering the Mediterranean and drains approximately one-sixth of the Iberian Peninsula, including important urban and industrial areas [3]. But because it is highly exploited by industrial and agricultural activities, the Ebro River basin is the focus of several scientific studies [4-10]. 

Esteban-Parra MJ, Pozo-Vazquez D, Rodrigo FS, Castro-Diez Y (2003) Temperature and precipitation variability and trends in Northern Spain in the context of the Iberian Peninsula climate. In Bolle H-J (ed) Mediterranean climate. Springer, Berlin, p372... 

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