Pacific salmon

Intensive or extensive culture of aquatic animals requires chemicals that control disease, enhance the growth of cultured species, reduce handling trauma to organisms, improve water quality, disinfect water, and control aquatic vegetation, predaceous insects, or other nuisance organisms. The aquacultural chemical need for various species have been described for rainbow trout, Oncorhjnchus mjkiss (1) Adantic and Pacific salmon, Salmo and Oncorhjnchus sp. (2) channel catfish, Ictaluruspunctatus (3) striped bass, Morone saxatilis (4) milkfish, Chanos chanos (5) moUusks (6) penaeid (Penaeus sp.) shrimp (7) and a variety of other marine species (8). 

Smith, I.R., B. Marchant, M.R. van den Heuvel, J.H. Clemons, and J. Frimeth. 1994. Embryonic mortality, bioassay derived 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin equivalents, and organochlorine contaminants in Pacific salmon from Lake Ontario. Jour. Great Lakes Res. 20 497-509. 

Pacific Rim/India, aliphatic fluorocarbon production in, 22 871 Pacific salmon... 

The transport of mirex out of Lake Ontario, (a known reservoir), to its tributaries is also possible as a result of migrating fish which move from the lake into the tributary streams to spawn. Fish, such as Pacific salmon, become contaminated with mirex while in the lake. These fish then swim upstream in the tributaries to their spawning grounds, spawn, and die. A direct transfer of mirex may then occur when resident stream fish feed on the decomposing carcasses and/or eggs, both of which contain mirex residues. Indirect transfer can occur as a result of the release of mirex from the salmon into the water or sediments and subsequent movement up the food chain. Movement of mirex back into Lake Ontario is also possible when the contaminated eggs hatch and surviving juvenile salmon return to the lake (Lewis and Makarewicz 1988). 

Brannon, E. L. and Qjiinn, T. B. (1990). Field test of the pheromone hypothesis for homing hy Pacific salmon. Journal of ChemicalEcology 16,603-609. 

A.V. Nebeker and J.R. Brett, Effects of air-supersaturated water on survival of Pacific salmon and steelhead smolts, Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 105 (1976) 338-342. 

Cherkov, V.M. and Borchsenius, S.N. (1989). The determination of Phylogenetic relations between Pacific salmon species of genus Oncorhynchus by the method of DNA molecular hybridisation (in Russian). Biologiya morya 1989 (2), 23-29. 

Ginatulina, L.K., Shedko, S.V., Miroshnichenko, J.L. and Ginatulin, A.A. (1988). Divergence of mitochondrial DNA sequences in pacific salmon (in Russian). Zhumal Evolutsionnoy Biokhimii i Physiologii 24,477-483. 

Idler, D.R. and Clemens, W.A. (1953). The energy expenditures of Fraser River sockeye salmon during the spawning migration to Chilko and Stuart Lakes. International Pacific Salmon Fishery Commission, Progress Report, 1-80. 

McBride, J.R., Fagerlund, U.H.M., Smith, M. and Tomlinson, N. (1965). Post-spawning death of Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) maturing and spawning in captivity. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada 22,775-782. 

Maksimovich, A. A. (1988). The characteristics of carbohydrate metabolism in Pacific salmon under total starvation (In Russian). Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Seriya Biologiya 1988 (4), 500-508. 

Debruyn, A. M. H., Ikonomou, M. G., et al. (2004) Magnification and toxicity of PCBs, PCDDs, and PCDFs in upriver-migrating Pacific salmon. Environmental Science and Technology, 38(23) 6217-6224. 

Another study assessed immunological effects in juvenile C57B1/6 mice that were fed diets containing no fish or 33% coho salmon from Lake Ontario or the Pacific Ocean for 2-A months (Cleland et al. 1989). Intakes of persistent toxic substances were not reported although the halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons with the highest concentrations in the control chow. Pacific salmon diet, and Lake Ontario salmon diet were total PCBs (0.4, 20, and 2,900 ppb, respectively) and p,p-DT)C (0.1, 10, and 670 ppb, respectively). Levels of PCDDs and PCDFs, mercury, tin compounds, and other metals were not examined. 

Shimizu H, Kawakatsu H, Shimizu T, Yamada M, Tegoshi T, Uchikawa R, Arizono N (2008) Diphyllobothriasis nihonkaiense possibly acquired in Switzerland from imported Pacific salmon. Intern Med 47 1359-1362... 

Effects of Crude Oil and Chemically Dispersed Oil on Chemoreception and Homing in Pacific Salmon... 

The impression that ageing is programmed is strongest in animals that undergo catastrophic senescence. The most famous example is the Pacific salmon, though there are several others, including mayflies, marsupial mice (Antechinus) and the octopus Octopus hummelinckL Pacific salmon hatch... 

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