Salinity normal

Salinity-normalized (S = 35) total alkalinity. Ay n> versus salinity-normalized dissolved inorganic carbon, DICn, for the world s ocean. Data are for the deep ocean at depths >2.5 km except for the section labeled North Atlantic Shallow," which is 100-1000 m in the North Atlantic Ocean. Lines indicate different DICn At.n ratios. (See Plate 2.)... 

Physiological saline (normal sahne) is a 0.90% NaCl solution. This solution is isotonic with human blood. Calculate the freezing point and boihng point of physiological saline. 

At the optimum salinity (normalized salinity CseD = 1), C13 = C23 = (1 - C33)/2 for j = 3 in Eq. 7.12, which means the binodal curve is symmetric. Thus, Eq. 7.14 is readily derived at the optimum salinity, and Cssmaxi can be calculated from Eq. 7.14 using Ahi. The physical meaning of Cssmaxi is the maximum height of the binodal curve at the optimum salinity. At the zero optimum salinity (practically very low salinity, Cseo = 0) and twice optimum salinity (CseD = 2), we also assume the binodal curves are symmetric and use Eq. 7.14 to calculate Cssmaxo and C33max2 Corresponding to Aho and Ah2, respectively. 

Fig. 5.21. Seasonal fluctuations of (a) the mixed-layer depth, (b) TCO2, (c) NTCO2 (salinity-normalized total CO2, solid Une) and potential temperatinre (dashed line), (d) TA (solid hne) and salinity (dashed Une), (e) NTA (sahnity-normalized total TA), and (f) Fcoa (solid hne) and potential temperature (dashed hne) in the mixed-layer at the SEATS site from March 2002 to April 2003. The data points represent the averaged values of all samples measured in the mixed-layer from each cruise. The vertical bars indicate the analytical errors ( l

Friis K, Kfrtzinger A, Wallace DWR (2003) The salinity normalization of marine inorganic carbon chemistry data. Geophys Res Lett 30(2) 1085... 

A. For suspected or established clinical botulism, give one 10-mL vial diluted 1 10 in 0.9% saline (normal saline) and administer by slow IV infusion. A second vial may be administered in 2 to 4 hours if signs or symptoms worsen, but is usually not necessary as the neutralizing antibodies far exceed the levels of circulating toxin. 

Ophthalmic Dosage Forms. Ophthalmic preparations can be solutions, eg, eye drops, eyewashes, ointments, or aqueous suspensions (30). They must be sterile and any suspended dmg particles must be of a very fine particle size. Solutions must be particle free and isotonic with tears. Thus, the osmotic pressure must equal that of normal saline (0.9% sodium chloride) solution. Hypotonic solutions are adjusted to be isotonic by addition of calculated amounts of tonicity adjusters, eg, sodium chloride, boric acid, or sodium nitrate. 

The iaterrelatioaship of nonalkaline scales (CaSO, CaSO /2H2O, CaSO 2H20) depeads oa temperature and the concentration of CaSO. To assure that no hemihydrate scale forms, MSF operators must mn their plants ia such a manner as to assure that the coaceatratioa of the total dissolved sohds does aot exceed 70,000 ppm at temperatures of 120°C. With average-salinity seawater, plants can operate at a concentration factor of 2, but in the Middle East where water salinity can be as high as 50,000 ppm, the concentration factor should not exceed 1.4. Under no circumstances should the total dissolved soHds exceed 70,000 ppm, ie, twice the concentration of normal seawater at 120°C. 

A normal enclosure is meant for a reasonably clean atmosphere and a relative humidity not more than 50% for LT and 95% for FIT indoor enclosures. Where the atmosphere is laden with fumes or steam, saline or oil vapours, heat and humidity, excessive dust and water or contaminated with explosive and fire hazardous gases, vapours or volatile liquids (Section 7.11) a special enclosure with a higher degree of protection is required as in lEC 60529 or lEC 60079-14. For non-hazardous areas, the enclosure can be generally one of those discussed in Tables 1. 10 and 1. 11, and when required can be provided with special treatment to the metallic surfaces. For hazardous areas, however, special enclosures will be essential as discussed in Section 7.11. 

Type of soil Normal and high rainfall (more ihan 500 mm a year) La7 v rainfall or desert condition (less than 250 mm a year) Underground water salinity... 

Short Normal Resistivity (after Anadriii). The short normal (SN) resistivity sub provides a real-time measurement of formation resistivity using a 16-in. electrode device suitable for formations drilled with water-base muds having a moderate salinity. A total gamma ray measurement is included with the resistivity measurement an annular bottomhole mud temperature sensor is optional. The short normal resistivity sub schematically shown in Figure 4-273 must be attached to the MWD telemetry tools and operates in the same conditions as the other sensors. 

Local conditions may modify this profoundly in special areas. In the Arctic and Antarctic, and where there is dilution by large rivers, the salinity may be considerably less, and it may vary greatly according to season. Salinity is well below normal in the Baltic, and may fall nearly to zero at the head of the Gulf of Bothnia. In enclosed seas like the Mediterranean, Black Sea and Red Sea, on the other hand, where there is rapid evaporation, salinity may reach 40 parts per thousand. The total salt content of the inland Dead Sea is 260 g/kg compared to 37 g/kg for the Atlantic Ocean. 

Sea water of normal salinity, in equilibrium with the atmosphere, has the following oxygen contents (compare Table 2.14) ... 

GLAUCOMA When a cholinergic drug is used to treat glaucoma, die nurse checks the eye and die area around die eye daily for evidence of redness, inflammation, and excessive secretions, particularly if die ocular system is used. If secretions are present around die eye, the nurse removes them with a cotton ball or gauze soaked in normal saline or other cleansing solution recommended by die primary health care provider. 

C. Provide frequent mouth care with normal saline or alcohol-free mouthwash. 

Sodium is essential for the maintenance of normal heart action and in the regulation of osmotic pressure in body cells. Sodium, as sodium chloride (NaCl), may be given IV. A solution containing 0.9% NaCl is called normal saline, and a solution containing 0.45% NaCl is called half-normal saline. Sodium also is available combined with dextrose, for example, dextrose 5% and sodium chloride 0.9%. 

The second valve controls a sample loop, 5 cm long and 1 mm in diameter, packed with dimethyloctadecyl reverse phase comprising of fairly coarse particles 100-120 im in diameter to reduce flow impedance. The sample pump is supplied via a two-way tap from either of two reservoirs, one containing pure water and the other, normal saline. The output of the pump can be used to either force the contents of the open loop sample tube through the packed loop, or to permit washing with an appropriate solvent. The separate pump is necessary to overcome the impedance of the packed loop. 

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