Sales supplements

United States International Trade Commission (USITC), Synthetic Organic Chemicals—United States Production and Sales, 1990, pubhcation 2470, Washington, D.C., Dec. 1991 R. F. Bradley, A. Leder, and Y. Sakuma, Fluorocarbons, ia Chemical Economics Handbook, SRI latematioaal, Menlo Park, Calif., 1990, sections 543.7000—543.7003, plus 1992 supplemental data. 

Cogeneration systems will not match the varying power and heat demands at all times for most applications. Thus, an industrial cogeneration systems output frequently must be supplemented by the separate on-site generation of heat or the purchase of utility-supplied elec tric power. If the on-site electric power demand is relatively low, an alternative option is to match the cogeneration system to the heat load and contract for the sale of excess electricity to the local utihty grid. 

Since 1999, when the Food and Drug Administration allowed the first health claim for soy-fortified foods in the USA, there has been a large increase in the sales of food products claiming to contain soy isoflavones. At the same time, over-the-counter supplements have become widely available. However, concerns have been raised about the real health benefits of such supplements in the absence of adequate information about bioavailability, pharmacokinetics and safety. To fill this gap, an extensive study on pure isoflavones and commercial soy isoflavone supplements has recently been carried out (Setchell et al, 2001). A selection of 31 commercially available supplements showed a wide variation in isoflavone composition and in the amount provided by one tablet. Furthermore, a lower isoflavone content, with respect to the claimed levels, has been observed in almost 50% of the analysed products. In one case, no isoflavones at all could be detected (Setchell et al, 2001). 

Off-the-shelf catalogue sales of micro reactors have just started [15]. With an increasing number of commercial products, quality control will become more important. Brandner et al. describe quality control for micro heat exchangers/reactors at the Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe [23]. All manufacturing steps are accompanied by quality control and documentation. Leak rates (down to 10 mbar 1 s for He) and overpressure resistance (up to 1000 bar at ambient temperature) are measured. Under standardized conditions, the mean hydraulic diameter is determined. Dynamic tests supplement this quality control. 

Abood RR. Regulatory and legal issues pertaining to the sale of dietary supplements. Pharmacy Program ID No. 342-000-99-012-H04. U.S. Pharm, 1999. 

The Duveen collection of alchemy chemistry supplementing the Bibliotheca alchemica et chemica with an introductory note by Denis I. Duveen... Offered for sale by... New York H.P. Kraus, [1953], 98p. 

Grabowski, H. and J. Vernon (2000), The distribution of sales revenues from pharmaceutical innovation , PharmacoEconomics, 18 (supplement 1), 21-32. 

Products containing ephedra were used extensively by the American public for weight loss and to enhance athletic performance. Ephedra, a stimulant similar to amphetamine, increases blood pressure and heart rate after only one dose, significantly increasing a person s risk of heart attack, stroke, and death. Because ephedra is a dietary supplement, the FDA did not review its safety or efficacy before it became available to the American public. According to law, the FDA could only prohibit the sale of the dietary supplement if it was proven to present a significant or unreasonable risk of injury. 

Borrowing in period t is used to supplement the money hoard inherited from sales in period t - 1. At the end of period t, capital outlays lead to expanded sales, which enhance the size of the money hoard. Under expanded reproduction, capital outlays are met from a growing hoard of money that is replenished by a combination of borrowing and sales. 

One must view so-called traditional business—the delivery of semifinished and finished products—as being increasingly supplemented by the sales of large capital equipment and whole plants. Whereas the former has usually been carried out through standard-form contracts of the respective foreign trade corporations, the latter transactions are negotiated in detail. 

With approval by the FERC of the 1978 R D program, GRI began to negotiate and let contracts for a supplemental program, largely in the areas of unconventional natural gas supply and gas conservation. Since the FERC funding mechanism did not become effective until June 1 and cash flow from interstate sales and transportation services did not start until late summer,... 

A Roper survey of 1480 persons age 50 or older, conducted in 2001, found that about 75% of the respondents wanted the government to review safety data and approve dietary supplements before sale and fo verify all health-related claims before they can be included in advertisements and on product labels. This is just contrary to what DSHEA permits, but there is little hope that Congress will modify its provisions. 

Tyramine From Tyrosine. This is so easy that it is scary, and is probably the reason that tyrosine is watched very closely by the DBA. To avoid exposure to the DEA you may use the formula in the precursors section of this book. It is fairly simple to make. Also, your local health food store, Co-Op or livestock feed supplier may have tyrosine, as it is an important amino acid that is used sometimes as a feed supplement. These farm type suppliers that I have come to know do not report sales of tyrosine to the DEA. Maybe, in your part of the nation, they do. 

Over the past few decades, the use of natural products as drugs and dietary supplements has raised an increasingly important question What impact does it have on biodiversity The widespread popularity of some natural products has resulted in their rapid destruction in the environment. One of the best-documented examples of this pattern is the decimation of wild echinacea resources throughout the United States. Sales of the plant in 2002 amounted to more than 32 million, and manufacturers are eager to obtain as much as they can from American sources. As a result, the plant is rapidly being depleted from its natural habitat, which ranges across large parts of the Midwest. 

By early 2003, however, the FDA had received 16,000 reports of "adverse events" apparently related to use of the product. Among these events were two deaths, four heart attacks, nine strokes, one seizure, and five psychiatric events for which no explanation other than use of the product could be found. Although ephedra accounts for less than 1 percent of all sales of dietary supplements, it accounts for 64 percent of all adverse events reported to the FDA. The agency s decision to take action against ephedra may have been influenced by the death of 23-year-old Baltimore Orioles pitcher Steve Bechler on February 19, 2003, a tragedy attributed to the baseball player s use of ephedra. 

In the decade following the 1994 adoption of the DSHEA, a number of problems related to the manufacture, advertising, and sale of dietary supplements had become apparent. Findings accumulated that such products are often contaminated with a variety of impurities, such as bacteria, glass, lead, and pesticides. For example ... 

As has been the case for centuries, many people continue to rely on natural products for the treatment of a host of physical and mental problems ranging from the common cold and rashes to cancer and loss of memory. Scientific evidence for the efficacy of many of these products is weak, hut users accept cultural, historical, religious, quasi-medical, and other justifications for their use. The sale of dietary supplements in the United States alone nearly doubled in less than a decade, growing from 8.8 billion in 1994 to an estimated 15.7 billion in 2000. Clearly, whatever disadvantages they may have in terms of efficacy and safety, natural products will continue to constitute a major portion of the drug market in the United States and other countries around the world. 

Ephedra (Ephedra sinica)/Ma Huang Uses Stimulant, aid in wt loss, bronchial dilation Dose Not OK d/t reported deaths (>100 mg/d can be life-threatening). US sales banned by FDA in 2004 bitter orange w/ similar properties has replaced this compound in most wt loss supplements Caution Advise cardiac events, strokes, death SE Nervousness, HA, insomnia, palpitations, V, hypoglycemia Interactions Digoxin, antihypertensives, antidepressants, diabetic medications EMS Tinctures extracts contain EtOH may X glucose linked to several deaths behavioral mood changes... 

Sales of Ca supplements alone were 875 million in the United States in 2002, and comprised 60% of all mineral supplement sales (Anonymous, 2004). In 2004, sales of Ca supplements increased by 9.3% (Uhland et ah, 2004), possibly to some extent in response to the Surgeon General s report on bone health that was issued that year. More recently in 2006, it was projected that dietary supplement sales in the United States would approach 5 billion (Anonymous, 2006). While Ca derived from a balanced diet is preferable, Ca supplements are a popular noncaloric alternative for increasing daily Ca intake. There are a vast number of oral Ca supplements available in the market place in the form of capsules, tablets, chewable tablets, effervescent tablets, liquids, powders, suspensions, wafers, and granules. However, not all Ca salts are equally soluble or bioavailable and the dose of Ca on the label of a supplement may not necessarily be reflective of the relative amount of available Ca once consumed. Furthermore, the same Ca salt may be more or less bioavailable depending on the production process and materials used to manufacture the supplement. 

FDA commissioned a study of dietary supplement sales in the United States in 1999. Samples of products were purchased from a representative sample of retail establishments, catalogs, and the Internet. The authors looked at the consistency of botanical products purchased. Forty percent to 46% of botanicals and botanical products were consistent with the ingredients listed on the label. Botanical extracts were even less consistent with the label, only 12%i to 24%i (depending on where purchased) were found to be consistent... 

Note In column 2 (7), sales rankings, by dollars, for the top 20 sold in the United States for the year 1999 are given. Column 3 (12) gives the top 10 products in 2002 in an ambulatory adult population (13). Reported sales in dollars are present in column 4. Columns 5 and 6 (66) give the conditions the botanicals have been used for. The Natural Medicines Comprehensive Database at http //www.naturaldatabasc.com (66) distinguishes gradations of evidence for effectiveness, which we have not done here. There is much variability in the data from report to report even data within the same trade journal data are inconsistent with that from previous reports. This in no way endorses the utilization of dietary supplements for treatment of these conditions. Patients should always seek the advice of their health care provider. 

Muth MK, Domanico JL, Anderson DW, Siegel PH, Bloch LJ. Dietary Supplement Sales Information Final Report. RTI Project Number 6673.004. 1999. Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, Research Triangle Institute, Center for Economics Research, http //vm.cfsan.fda.gov/ acrobat/ds-sales.pdf (accessed 5-18-2004). 

Kane JR. Nutritional supplements are under the weather. (Sales decline) (Statistical data included). Chemical Market Reporter Pub 6/2001. http //www. findarticles.eom/cf dls/m0FVP/26 260/76495868/pl/article.jhtml (accessed 2-01-2004). 

The sale of tryptophan as dietary supplements for man is now illegal. Dietary supplements to animal stock feed is OK. Tryptophan is available to hospitals for use in critical situations. Tryptophan is available as a prescription drug. But it is not available in the health food stores and so cannot be explored by the lay researcher. The world of inquiring into the action on normals, schizophrenics, alcoholics, people who are overweight, people who are depressed, is denied both to the private individual and to the clinical researcher. There are commercially available drugs, all approved, that can play the same role. Within four days of the announced ban of tryptophan (after the problem had been resolved and corrected) a broad promotion of Prozac (an antidepressant similar in action to Tryptophan) appeared in Newsweek (March 26, 1990). Prozac is still widely promoted. Tryptophan is still not available to the private individual. Both can play the role of being an effective sedative. 

One way to minimize the impact of these opportunity costs is to supplement R D spending to off-set the funds allocated to environmental protection research. Hence, it was expected that R D spending as a per cent of sales would increase from preregulation periods because of the necessity to conduct environmental protection research. However, the ratio of R D spending to sales has actually declined from. 0424 in 1970 to. 0297 in 1976. One possible explanation is that the inflation in chemical prices has exceeded the inflation in R D costs. Over this period,... 

The regulatory position of stevioside varies in different regions of the world. Japan is the main market for stevioside and consumes 90% of the world s supply of stevia leaves (Richard, 2002). Stevioside is used in Japan in a variety of applications, including soft drinks. In other markets, the use of stevioside, if permitted at all, is limited to supplements. In the United States, the FDA issued an import alert in May 1991 blocking the import of and sale of stevia products, following the results of a preliminary mutagenicity study. In 1995, the FDA revised the import alert to allow the sale of stevia and its extracts as a food supplement, but not as a sweetener. It currently does not have GRAS status and is considered to be an unsafe food additive (Richard, 2002). 

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