Bronchial dilator

The placebo effect in asthma is one of the most well-studied and robust placebo effects on physiological function. The wheezing that sufferers of asthma experience is accompanied by a constriction of the bronchial airways that makes it difficult for them to breathe. Asthma medications dilate the bronchial tubes, making it easier to breathe, but a large number of studies have shown that placebos can also affect bronchial dilation. In fact, about two-thirds of the response to real asthma medication is also produced by placebo treatment, leaving about one-third of the effect as a true drug effect.40... 

The pharmacologic actions of these agents include Alpha-adrenergic stimulation (vasoconstriction, nasal decongestion, pressor effects) - -adrenergic stimulation (increased myocardial contractility and conduction) and 2-adrenergic stimulation (bronchial dilation and vasodilation, enhancement of mucociliary clearance, inhibition... 

Ephedra (Ephedra sinica)/Ma Huang Uses Stimulant, aid in wt loss, bronchial dilation Dose Not OK d/t reported deaths (>100 mg/d can be life-threatening). US sales banned by FDA in 2004 bitter orange w/ similar properties has replaced this compound in most wt loss supplements Caution Advise cardiac events, strokes, death SE Nervousness, HA, insomnia, palpitations, V, hypoglycemia Interactions Digoxin, antihypertensives, antidepressants, diabetic medications EMS Tinctures extracts contain EtOH may X glucose linked to several deaths behavioral mood changes... 

Belcheva, N., Smid, J., Lambov, N., et al. Polymeric sustained release formulations of the bronchial dilator vephylline. J. Control. Release 37(l-2) 43-48, 1995. 

Methamphetamine is a powerful stimulant of the central nervous system. Ordinarily it is a white, odorless powder that can be taken orally, smoked, or injected. It was developed early in the twentieth century from amphetamine, which was synthesized in 1887. Methamphetamine, which is more powerful than amphetamine, was first manufactured in Japan in 1919. It originally was used as a nasal decongestant and bronchial dilator for people with asthma. 

Figure 16-5. Section of rat lung exposed to toxic chemicals. Note the bronchial dilation and emphysematous alveolar distention.

Beta2-agonists - work by causing bronchial dilation. 

Salbutamol is a beta2-agonist - causes bronchial dilation. 

Ventolin is a bronchial dilator and Vanceril is a form of cortisone. Although there is nothing that I can find in the literature that would indicate that you contracted polymyalgia rheumatica (PR) from these medications, one cannot help but wonder if three years of these medications might have induced the condition. We know less about PR than we do bronchial asthma or ARDS. 

This is the explanation for administering theophylline, a bronchial dilator. 

One of these is Ephedrine where the carbon chain plus aminic tail is CH(0H)CH(CH3)NH(CH3), looking like a close brother of PEA. Ephedrine is a natural product extracted from a plant called Ephedra and used in traditional Chinese medicine. It can also be made in the laboratory. Ephedrine is administered as a stimulant, appetite suppressant, and concentration aid. It seems to work by increasing the activity of norepinephrine. It is used, for example, by professional weightlifters and athletes. Another close brother of PEA is pseudoephedrine, which is a chiral isomer of ephedrine, and it causes vasoconstriction (constriction of blood vessels) and relaxation of smooth muscles, thus leading to bronchial dilation. It is administered for nasal/sinus congestion and difficulty in breathing. Methamphetamine is another... 

Khellin (33), an antispasmodic drug that comprises approximately 1% of the dry weight of plants of Ammi visnaga (Apiaceae), has a pyrone structure reminiscent of that of many linear furanocoumarins (Fig. 9.6). This compound acts directly on smooth muscle, is a bronchial dilator, and is used in the treatment of asthma (Sneader, 1985). 

Throughout the lung, the bronchi and pulmonary arteries run and branch together. The ratio of the size of the bronchus to its adjacent pulmonary artery is widely used as a criterion for detection of abnormal bronchial dilatation. In a healthy lung, it should be at the same at any... 

Using HRCT images visual assessment, bronchial wall thickness and the extent of emphysema were the strongest independent determinants of a decreased FEV1 in patients with COPD and mild to extensive emphysema (Aziz et al. 2005). However, visual assessment of bronchial wall thickening and bronchial dilatation is highly subjective and poorly reproducible (Figs. 28.6, 28.7) (Park et al. 1997). The quantitative analysis can be performed by manual dehneation of bronchial contours (Orlandi et al. 2005). Nakano et al. (2000) were the first to perform computer-assisted automated quantita-... 

Fig. 28.7. Bronchial dilation of subsegmental bronchi without wall thickening, also typical for the airway predominant phenotype of COPD...

In addition to NMDA blockade, Mg has calcium channel blockade properties resulting in direct effects on smooth muscle causing peripheral vasodilatation, bronchial dilatation, and uterine relaxation. 

Figure 3 CT of the chest in a patient with BO showing diffuse areas of parenchymal hypoattenuation, proximal bronchiectasis, and subsegmental bronchial dilatation Abbreviation BO, bronchiolitis obliterans CT, computed tomography. Source Adapted from Ref. 5.

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