Radiation, direct

It is important to note here that if an element does not radiate directly to any part of its own surface, the shape factor with respect to itself, F]t, Fu and so on, is zero. This applies to any convex surface for which, therefore, Fu =0. 

Photovoltaic (PV) solar cells, which convert incident solar radiation directly into electrical energy, today represent the most common power source for Earth-orbiting spacecraft, such as the International Space Station, where a photovoltaic engineering testbed (PET) is actually assembled on the express pallet. The solid-state photovoltaics, based on gallium arsenide, indium phosphide, or silicon, prove capable, even if to different extents and with... 

Gynecologic history surgery (direct injury vs. denervation), radiation (direct injury) Childbirth (vaginal vs. cesarean section),... 

Zhang, Y. Synchrotron Radiation Direct Photo Etching of Polymers. Vol. 168, pp. 291-340. Zheng, J. and Swager, T. M. Polyfarylene ethynylene)s in Chemosensing and Biosensing. Vol. 177, pp. 151-177. 

Ideally, all photons with a wavelength of about 900 nm or shorter should be harvested and converted to electric current. This limit is derived from thermodynamic considerations showing that the conversion efficiency of any single-junction photovoltaic solar converter peaks at approximately 33% near the threshold energy of lAeV.1 2 There are numerous ways to convert the solar radiation directly into electrical power or chemical fuel. The silicon solar cell is the most efficient in this respect. Nevertheless, the capital cost of such devices is not attractive for large-scale applications. 

The instrumentation required for atomic fluorescence measurements is simpler than that used for absorption. As the detector is placed so as to avoid receiving radiation directly from the lamp, it is not strictly necessary to use a sharp-line source or a monochromator. Furthermore, fluorescence intensities are directly related to the intensity of the primary radiation so that detection limits can be improved by employing a high-intensity discharge lamp. 

F. Role in therapy Radioimmunotherapy is a promising new area of cancer treatment that combines the targeting power of monoclonal antibodies with the cell-damaging ability of localized radiation. When infused into a patient, these radiation-carrying antibodies circulate in the body until they locate and bind to the surface of specific cells, and then deliver their cytotoxic radiation directly to malignant cells. Zevalin is the first treatment for cancer that includes a monoclonal antibody that is combined... 

The NIR region is of great interest for pharmaceutical applications. NIRS is fast, nondestructive, and cost effective. Samples require no preparation and can be measured as such, intact and available for further analysis. NIRS can be performed in-, on-, and offline. Also, glass fiber optics can be used to perform remote analysis, thus bringing radiation directly to the sample. Many more advantages can be cited when considering the practical use of NIR in a pharmaceutical process, depending on the particular objective. 

Some of the heat is radiated directly to the heater tubes. 

Noise deduction in Rooms. Sound from a source in an enclosed room can be divided into two parts the direct field, dominated by sound radiated directly from a source to a receiver without reflections and the reverberant field, dominated by sound that has been reflected many times by surfaces in the room before it reaches a receiver (5). This relationship is defined by the following equation ... 

The climate effects of atmospheric aerosol particles are a matter of continuous interest in the research community. The aerosol-climate effects are divided into two groups The direct effect represents the ability of the particle population to absorb and scatter short-wave radiation - directly affecting the radiation balance. These direct effects depend primarily on the aerosol optical properties and particle number size distribution, as the particle size significantly affects the scattering efficiency of... 

Zhang, Y. Synchrotron Radiation Direct Photo Etching of Polymers. Vol. 168, pp. 291-340. 

Although each station is different, they all collect solar radiation-related data (horizontal solar radiation, total radiation, direct normal radiation, total horizontal infrared sky radiation). Table 3.179 provides a summary of the data collected. 

This method allows the detection of single- and double-stranded breaks and alkali labile sites. These breaks can be a result of radiation, direct and indirect mutagens, alkylation agents, intercalating agents, oxidative DNA damage, and incomplete DNA repair. 

---