Reference health

Risk Estimation References Health and Safety Executive, Canvey—An... 

The explosion and fires at the Texaco Refinery, Milford Haven, Wales, 24 July 1994. Reference Health and Safety Executive (HSE) HSE Books, Her Majesty s Stationary Office, Norwich, England, 1997. 

Risk Estimation References Health and Safety Executive, Canvey—An Investigation of Potential Hazards from the Operations in the Canvey... 

Risk Estimation References Health and Safety Executive, Canvey—An Investigation of Potential Hazards from the Operations in the Canvey Island/ Thurrock Area, HMSO, London, 1978. Rasmussen, Reactor Safety Study An Assessment of Accident Risk in U. S. Commercial Nuclear Power Plants, WASH-... 

BR employed a number of specialist health and safety staff. More generally, all staff held various health and safety responsibilities, especially managerial staff who were typically accorded health and safety responsibilities by BR. The research asked two questions to discover which people within the company were perceived to hold a health and safety remit. The first asked whether or not there was anyone working within BR with health and safety responsibilities. The second asked managers and supervisors whether or not they received health and safety queries from their staff, while the workforce were asked to whom they would actually refer health and safety problems. 

Refer Health and Safety Executive, The Flixborough Disaster Report of the Court of Inquiry, HMSO, ISBN 0113610750, 1975. 

Where a Member State ascertains tliat a product, bearing the CE-marking and used in accordance with its intended use, is liable to endanger the safety of persons or health, it shall take all appropriate measures to withdraw such a product from the market. That Member State shall immediately Inform the Commission which is obliged to investigate whether or not the measure is justified. Where the Commission considers that the measure is justified, it shall immediately inform the Member State which took the initiative and also the other Member States. This entails that the other Member States must also take action against the product concerned. That latter disposition is referred to as the safeguard clause. 

Because of the risk of lead poisoning, the exposure of children to lead-based paint is a significant public health concern. The first step in the quantitative analysis of lead in dried paint chips is to dissolve the sample. Corl evaluated several dissolution techniques. " In this study, samples of paint were collected and pulverized with a Pyrex mortar and pestle. Replicate portions of the powdered paint were then taken for analysis. Results for an unknown paint sample and for a standard reference material, in which dissolution was accomplished by a 4-6-h digestion with HNO3 on a hot plate, are shown in the following table. 

Selection of pollution control methods is generally based on the need to control ambient air quaUty in order to achieve compliance with standards for critetia pollutants, or, in the case of nonregulated contaminants, to protect human health and vegetation. There are three elements to a pollution problem a source, a receptor affected by the pollutants, and the transport of pollutants from source to receptor. Modification or elimination of any one of these elements can change the nature of a pollution problem. For instance, tall stacks which disperse effluent modify the transport of pollutants and can thus reduce nearby SO2 deposition from sulfur-containing fossil fuel combustion. Although better dispersion aloft can solve a local problem, if done from numerous sources it can unfortunately cause a regional one, such as the acid rain now evident in the northeastern United States and Canada (see Atmospheric models). References 3—15 discuss atmospheric dilution as a control measure. The better approach, however, is to control emissions at the source. 

RTECS National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) registry of toxic effects of chemical substances contains toxicity data and references commercially important substances... 

Product standards may stipulate performance characteristics, dimensions, quaUty factors, methods of measurement, and tolerances and safety, health, and environmental protection specifications. These are introduced principally to provide for interchangeabiUty and reduction of variety. The latter procedure is referred to as rationalization of the product offering, ie, designation of sizes, ratings, etc, for the attribute range covered and the steps within the range. The designated steps may foUow a modular format or a preferred number sequence. 

Drinking Water Health Advisories for Pesticides, Office of Drinking Water, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Lewis Pubhshets, Chelsea, Mich., 1989. Includes data used for evaluating 1-day, 10-day, and longer-term health advisories for 50 pesticides which have a potential for being found in drinking water, with specific references as sources of information. 

Information on health and safety considerations cited herein for Ryton PPS powders and pellets can be found in Reference 157. Ryton PPS [26125-40-6] is listed in the Toxic Substance Control Act (TSCA) Inventory of Chemicals. 

AH of the toxicity data on MDA have been collected using either 4,4 -MDA or the corresponding hydrochloride salt. The information discussed in this section can also be used for commercial products containing MDA or PMDA. Because MDA is a potentially ha2ardous chemical, worker exposure should be kept to a minimum. For complete health and safety information on MDA consult references 46 and 56—59. 

Hazardous Air Pollutants. Tide 3 of the CAAA of 1990 addresses the release of hazardous air poUutants (HAPs) by requiring both the identification of major stationary sources and area source categories for 189 toxic chemicals and the promulgation of control standards. Major sources of air toxics, also referred to as HAPs, include any stationary source or group of sources emitting 10 or more tons/yr of any single Hsted toxic chemical or 25 tons/yr of a combination of any Hsted toxic. Area sources of HAPs include smaller plants that emit less than the 10 or 20 tons/yr thresholds. The major sources of HAPs are typically industrial faciHties. However, Tide 3 requites the EPA to study potential health affects associated with emissions of HAPs from electric UtiHty boilers (11). 

The National Safety Council, National Fire Protection Association, and other similar organizations pubHsh technical information that describes general safety practices for use during the testing, handling, storage, and transport of sulfur (21,36—40). Each of these pubHcations include a Hst of references for additional health and safety information. 

Chevron Environmental, Health, and Safety Tegulatory Summary and Desk Reference, Chevron Research and Technical Co., Orinda, Calif. 

The current OSHA TLV standard for exposure to all organotin compounds is 0.1 mg of organotin compounds (as tin)/m air averaged over an 8-h work shift (192). NIOSH has recommended a permissible exposure limit of 0.1 mg/m of tin averaged over a work shift of up to 10 h/d, 40 h/wk Reference 193 should be consulted for more detailed information. Additional information on the health effects of organotin compounds is given in Reference 48. 

For carckiogen pesticides (70,71), animal testkigs are subject to maximum tolerated doses (M I L)). M I D is the maximum amount of a substance that can be administered to an experimental animal without causkig extreme health consequences, such as death, to occur but while continuing to produce some measurable toxic effects. Current regulatory theory holds that carckiogen effects do not have a threshold and caimot be related to reference doses. 

The reversible oxidation of L-ascorbic acid to dehydro-L-ascorbic acid is the basis for its known physiological activities, stabiUties, and technical apphcations (2). The importance of vitamin C in nutrition and the maintenance of good health is well documented. Over 22,000 references relating only to L-ascorbic acid have appeared since 1966. 

In 1949 the World Health Organization adopted the biological activity of 1 mg of an oil solution containing 0.025 p.g of crystalline D as the analytical standard for vitamin D. This standard was discontinued in 1972. USP uses crystalline cholecalciferol as a standard (80). Samples of reference standard may be purchased from U.S. Pharmacopeia Convention, Inc., Reference Standards Order Department, 12601, Twinbrook Parkway, Rockville, Maryland 20852. One international unit of vitamin D activity is that activity demonstrated by 0.025 ]1 of pure crystalline (7 -vitamin D. One gram of vitamin D3 is equivalent to 40 x 10 lU or USP units. The international chick unit (ICU) is identical to the USP unit. 

Other Constituents of Stream Water. The records reported ia Refs. 21 and 22 were obtaiaed for the primary purpose of evaluating the suitabihty of surface water resources of the United States for utilization by iadustry and for irrigation of agricultural lands ia the western part of the country. These stream waters also provide pubHc water suppHes for many municipahties. Evaluations of water quaUty for the latter purpose emphasize constituents that were not given detailed consideration ia Refs. 21 and 22 summaries, although there are references ia Ref. 21 to work done ia various state health laboratories and municipal treatment plants. 

Health ha2ards linked to carbon disulfide are extensively covered (136). Also available are epidemiological studies (144—146), general reviews containing many references (147—150), and a Material Safety Data Sheet (151). 

This proliferation in the use of color additives was soon recognized as a threat to the pubHc s health. Of particular concern were the practices of a dding poisonous colorants to food, and of using dyes to hide poor quaUty or to add weight or bulk to certain items. References 5—14 provide additional information on the history of food colorants and thek regulation. Reference 15 provides more information regarding the appHcations, properties, specifications, and analysis of color additives, as well as methods for the determination of colorants in products. 

Definitions. Physical and chemical agents that combat pathogenic and nonpathogenic microorganisms are often referred to as disinfectants. Attempts to standardize terminology by health agencies in the United States, such as the CDC, the Pood and Dmg Administration (PDA), and the EPA, have resulted in the following definitions. 

The Minitran system, by 3M Health Care, is a monolithic transdermal system that deUvers nitroglycerin at a continuous rate of 0.03 mg/(cm h) (81). The dmg flux through the skin is higher than the previous two systems thus the Minitran system is a smaller size for equivalent dosing. For example, the 0.1 mg/h dose is achieved with a 3.3 cm system rather than the 5 cm systems of Transderm-Nitro or Nitro-dur. Because the skin is rate-controlling in a monolithic system and the Minitran flux is higher than the similar monolithic Nitro-dur system flux, it appears that 3M Health Care has included an additive to increase the skin flux to 0.03 mg/(cm h). Whereas this information is not apparent in Reference 81, patent information supports the hypothesis (96). 

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