Rural runoff

SWRRB - The Simulator for Water Resources on Rural Basins (SWRRB) was developed at EPA by R. Carsel and is a modification of the USDA model CREAMS (. It was orginally developed to predict daily runoff volume for small watersheds throughout the U.S. The basic runoff model is based on the water balance equation ... 

A significant fraction of lead carried by river water is expected to be in an undissolved form, which can consist of colloidal particles or larger undissolved particles of lead carbonate, lead oxide, lead hydroxide, or other lead compounds incorporated in other components of surface particulate matters from runoff. Lead may occur either as sorbed ions or surface coatings on sediment mineral particles, or it may be carried as a part of suspended living or nonliving organic matter in water. The ratio of lead in suspended solids to lead in dissolved form has been found to vary from 4 1 in rural streams to 27 1 in urban streams (Getzetal. 1977). 

Another application or example of phytoremediation is phytostabilization by reforestation, such as the reclamation of metalliferous mine wastes. Phytostabilization is the stabilization of contaminants in surface soils (especially in root zones) by preventing them from leaching down profiles or entering surface runoff. The additional benefits of reforestation in reclamation include supplying local timber needs, the provision of employment in rural areas, the enhancement of the surrounding scenery, the establishment of perimeter wind breaks and shelter belts, the provision of food and shelter for wildlife, and the reduction of surface water and resulting erosion (Williamson and Johnson, 1981). 

Runaway reactions, dangers of, 24 184 Runge-Kutta—Gill fourth-order-correct integration algorithm, 25 311 Runoff, herbicide, 13 308-309 Run-to-run control, 20 704-705 Rupture ductility, 13 476 Rupture testing, 13 474 environment for, 13 477 Rural wastewater disposal systems,... 

Emissions to the atmosphere from incineration and combustion sources result in the wide-spread distribution of CDDs. Consequently, CDDs are found at low levels in rural soils as well as in sediments of otherwise pristine waterbodies. Much of the CDD deposits from wet and dry deposition ultimately become components of urban runoff which enter rivers, streams, and estuaries directly or through stormwater outfalls and combined sewer overflows (CSOs). In a recent study, Huntley et al. (1997) used statistical... 

High nitrate concentrations can cause methaemoglobinaemia (blue-baby syndrome) in bottle-fed infants. This condition is also associated with the simultaneous presence of bacterial contamination. The primary approach to managing nitrate contamination is prevention, particularly for rural wells, which are the major problem with regard to methaemoglobinaemia. In particular, protection of wells from runoff from fields and siting of manure stores, pit latrines and septic tanks will help to prevent contamination with nitrate and microbial pathogens. 

This is the proceedings from a USA/CiS conference organized by the American Institute of Hydrology. Topics Include nutrient concentrations in ground water and surface runoff, chemical movement through soil, preventing ground water pollution in rural areas, and pesticide volatilization. 

Legret M, Fagotto C (1999) Evaluation of pollutant loadings in the runoff waters from a major rural road. Sci Total Environ 235 143... 

The susceptibility of zinc to sulfur dioxide, a common poUutant found to cause atmospheric corrosion, was studied by Veleva et al. [67]. Galvanized steel and zinc plates were subjected to a humid tropical environment, inducing atmospheric corrosion during 2 years in rural and urban atmospheres. Runoffsamples were taken from each of the plates and analyzed to compare the results. Runoff samples taken from the galvanized steel... 

According to the report on the official Inquiry into the Walkerton accident [147], the Ministry of Agriculture, Food, and Rural Affairs in Ontario is responsible for regulating agricultural activities with potential impact on drinking water sources. In fact, there was no watershed protection plan to protect the water system from agricultural runoff. Instead, the MOE was responsible for ensuring that the water systems could not be affected by such runoff. 

Brater, E.F., Sherrill, J.D. (1975). Rainfall-runoff relations on urban and rural areas. 

McKinney, R.E. (1996). Robert L. Smith. Memorial tributes 8 236-241. NAE Washington. P Smith, R.L. (1978). Rural and urban stormwater runoff. Water Quality Management Topeka. Smith, R.L., Carswell, Jr., W.J. (1984). Average annual fulfilment of instream uses. Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management 110(4) 497-510 113(3) 446-448. 

Lead runoff from outdoor surfaces was investigated, and it was found that lead corrosion products at unpolluted marine (in Albany) and unpolluted rural sites (in Newport) are composed of lead carbonate md lead hydroxy carbonate [9]. The average Pb concentration in the runoff, once the corrosion film was developed, was 2.1 mg Pb/L for both... 

The Clean Water Act focuses on improving water quality by maintaining and restoring the physical, chemical, and biological integrity of the nation s waters. It provides a comprehensive framework of standards, technical tools, and financial assistance to address the many stressors that can cause pollution and adversely affect water quality, including municipal and industrial wastewater discharges, polluted runoff from urban and rural areas, and habitat destruction. 

Hewitt, CJ t., Rashed, M.B., 1992. Removal rates of selected pollutants in the runoff waters from a majm rural highway. Water Res. 26, 311—319. 

Transportation, or mobile sources, account for an estimated release of 34 Mt of hydrocarbons into the atmosphere each year (Merian and Zander, 1982) and urban runoff as a source of petroleum to the marine environment has been well documented (Eganhouse and Kaplan, 1981 Latimer et al., 1990). In urban atmospheres, the composition of volatile aromatic hydrocarbons has been found by numerous investigators to be similar to that of gasoline, indicating gasoline as a source (Merian and Zander, 1982). The air in rural areas contains benzene at concentrations of... 

For estuarine and coastal environments, direct deposition to the water s surface of some pollutants can be as important as runoff from the watershed given that the metals are strongly retained within the terrestrial environment (22, 24). Atmospheric deposition appears to be an important source to the Chesapeake Bay of metals such as Hg, Pb and Cd (3, 5, 20). However, as estimations are based on the measurements of metal deposition at rural sites, they could potentially underestimate the impact of deposition if the urban influence were significant. The present study was aimed at examining the difference in concentration and deposition in an urban and a rural setting to help address this important question. 

In order to predict runoff rates of copper from naturally patinated copper on buildings at specific urban or rural sites of low chloride influence, a general model was deduced based on both laboratory and field data [117,118] ... 

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