Erosion results

Overland water flow appHes shear forces to sod surfaces. When shear forces exceed the stress required to overcome cohesive forces between sod particles, the particles are detached and suspended in the flow. Suspended particles are carried into surface sod with infiltrating water where they block pores and initiate seal formation (47). Thus, erosion results in reduced water infiltration as well as loss of sod from the field and consequent downstream water pollution. If erosion is controlled, good water infiltration is maintained. 

Exposed ends of the bolts and nuts have also suffered severe localized deterioration, resulting in smooth surface contours. Adjacent areas of each component show no deterioration. Erosion resulting from the impingement of high-velocity slab-cooling spray is the predominant factor in this metal loss. 

The use of Ni-base superalloys as turbine blades in an actual end-use atmosphere produces deterioration of material properties. This deterioration can result from erosion or corrosion. Erosion results from hard particles impinging on the turbine blade and removing material from the blade surface. The particles may enter through the turbine inlet or can be loosened scale deposits from within the combustor. 

Because so much land area is subject to erosion, this watershed-increase in soil C scales to a large global C sink. Erosion by wind and water affects roughly 10 x 1012 m2 of land worldwide (Jacinthe and Lai, 2001) and moves 1-5 PgCy, with more than 70% deposited terrestrially (Stallard, 1998). As a result of the erosion effects on decomposition and NPP described above, recent studies have suggested that erosion results in a global terrestrial C sink of 0.25-1 PgCy 1 (Stallard, 1998 Smith et al., 2005 Berhe et al., 2007). 

Substitute Piping Material Installed—Accelerated Corrosion/Erosion Results in a Large Fire... 

Cuticular erosion results in the formation of imprints on the leaf surface that can easily be detected by scanning electron microscopy (A2.) Comparison of Erysiohe graminis with . cichoracearum demonstrated that . graminis erodes both barley and cucumber cuticles, but that 21. cichoracearum only eroded or left imprints on cucumber cuticles (A3.). These results suggest a level of host specificity, possibly for the enzymatic erosion of the cuticle, that may also be involved in the successful penetration of the leaf. 

Giunta JL. Dental erosion resulting from chewable vitamin C tablets. / Am Dent Assoc 1983 107 253—256. 

Because surface erosion results in constant and predictable rate of drug release, this type of erosion is clearly preferrable to bulk erosion. However, to achieve surface erodibility, a system must be devised in which the rate of polymer degradation at the surface of a device is very much faster than the rate of degradation in the interior. 

The effects of simultaneous AO/VUV exposure of the two vinylidene fluoride based polymers were also examined. In both cases significant weight loss and surface erosion resulted from AO attack. Erosion yields were 2.8xl0 24 cm3/atom for PVDF and 2.5x1 O 24 cm3/atom for P(VDF-TrFE), consistent with previous literature data for similar materials. The film orientation of PVDF samples was reflected in the surface topology features after exposure, while the less orientated P(VDF-TrFE) samples had less regular surface patterning after exposure. Significantly, neither AO nor VUV irradiation dramatically altered the piezoelectric properties and we propose that these materials should perform satisfactorily under moderate LEO conditions. 

Does long-term ozone erosion result from chemical loss of ozone at midlatitudes in the lower stratosphere Susan Solomon made the very reasonable suggestion that the penetration of cirrus clouds and cold aerosols into the lower stratosphere initiates the conversion of inorganic chlorine to free-radical form,... 

Soil erosion results in a net removal of nutrients from the remaining soil. In addition, the continued use of compound, inorganic fertilizers in most countries is causing marked deficiencies of many major, secondary and micro-nutrients. In a number of cases, imbalanced use of fertilizers dominated by nitrogen has caused multiple nutrient deficiencies. For example, in Bangladesh, more than 50% of the total area has suffered from soil fertility decline (Table 7). 

Cell Wall Erosion. Cell wall erosion, resulting in thinning of the wood cell walls, occurs simultaneously with cavity formation in certain hardwood timbers (62, 67, 70, 71), This form of attack is rarely observed in softwoods and in hardwoods with exceptionally high levels of lignin 61, 72). 

Much of the wetland loss occurring in coastal Louisiana is due to the deterioration of highly organic marsh soil. As discussed earlier, conversion of coastal marshes to inland open water is associated with plant stresses such as saltwater intrusion into nonsaline marshes and increased soil waterlogging as a result of subsidence. Marsh elevation decreases rapidly following plant mortality because of the structural collapse of the living root networks (DeLaune et al., 1994). The peat collapse and the associated erosion result in the conversion of marsh into open water. Conversions to open water system releases a considerable amount of carbon into the estuary where it is either decomposed or... 

Operational conditions such as high velocity of coolant fluid may cause erosion in equipment such as pipes and heat exchangers. Erosion results in deterioration of surfaces and reduction in strength. 

According to the mass of the medical device, these reactions can occur on the device siuTace or in its interior. Surface erosion occurs when the rate at which the polymer penetrates the device is slower than the rate of conversion of the polymer into water-soluble materials. Surface erosion results in the device thinning over time while maintaining its bulk integrity. Examples of polymers undergoing this type of erosion are polyanhydrides and poly(ortho esters). 

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