Mineralization of sediment

Sr is one of the most hazardous and dangerous radioactive isotopes. It is a pure beta emitter (Eimj = 546 keV) and decays to another pure beta emitter, 90Y ( max = 2283.9 keV).10 The radiochemical methods for determining 90Sr in aquatic samples (water, sediment, and biota) are based on the adsorption of radiostrontium on AMP in water samples, mineralization of sediment and biota, and sorption on Sr resin.14 16... 

Phosphorus extracted from sediment by NaOH has been related to non-occluded, surface-exchangeable, bioavailable forms (22). Hydrochloric acid extraction yields occluded phosphorus incorporated in hydrous metal oxides, carbonate and phosphate minerals of sediment. Hydroxylamine reagent specifically removes hydrous manganese oxides, while amorphous hydrous oxides of iron and aluminijm are removed by the oxalate reagent. Total available sediment phosphorus analyses includes sediment organic phosphorus components in addition to the inorganic portion determined by the selective extraction procedures. 

Makhous M 1974) Carbon isotopic composition of Syrian sulfur deposits and the possibility of existence of other deposits in the Mesopotamis Basin. Bulletin Geochemistry International 11(4) Makhous M (1979) The study of clay minerals of sediments in Algeria Sahara. Seminaire national de microscopie electronoque, Algiers. Algeria... 

Chemical equilibrium between seawater and marine sediments wiU be considered below following SiUen (1961, 1967a, b), Kramer (1965), Stumm and Morgan (1970), and Sayles and Margelsdorf (1977). Constituent minerals of sediments involve silicates, carbonates, phosphates and sulfates as follows. 

Figure 18-82 illustrates the relationship between solids concentration, iuterparticle cohesiveuess, and the type of sedimentation that may exist. Totally discrete particles include many mineral particles (usually greater in diameter than 20 Im), salt crystals, and similar substances that have httle tendency to cohere. Floccnleut particles generally will include those smaller than 20 [Lm (unless present in a dispersed state owing to surface charges), metal hydroxides, many chemical precipitates, and most organic substances other than true colloids. 

Another factor that can influence the environmental distribution of a chemical is the presence of charged groups. Some pollutants, such as the sodium or potassium salts of phenoxyalkanoic herbicides, dinitrophenols, and tetra- or penta-chlo-rophenol, exist as anions in solution. Others, such as the bipyridyl herbicides diquat and paraquat, are present as cations. In either case, the ions may become bound to organic macromolecules or minerals of soils or sediments that bear the opposite... 

Cervantes FJ, W Dijksma, T Dnong-Dac, A Ivanova, G Lettinga, JA Field (2001) Anaerobic mineralization of toluene by enriched sediments with qninones and hnmus as terminal electron acceptors. Appl Environ Microbiol 67 4471-4478. 

Sandoli RL, WC Ghiorse, EL Madsen (1996) Regulation of microbial phenanthrene mineralization in sediment samples by sorbent-sorbate contact time, inocula and gamma irradiation-induced sterilization artifacts. Environ Toxicol Chem 15 1901-1907. 

As noted already, intense submarine hydrothermal activity took place in the Japan Sea in 15-12 Ma, associated with Kuroko mineralization. However, it is uncertain that submarine hydrothermal activities associated with the Kuroko mineralization took place in the other periods from middle Miocene to present in the Japan Sea. Therefore, the geochemical features of sedimentary rocks which formed from the Japan Sea at these ages have been studied by the author because they are better indicator of age of hydrothermal activities than those of hydrothermally altered igneous rocks because the samples of continuous age of sedimentation are able to be collected and the ages are precisely determined based on microfossil data (foraminiferal, radioralian and diatom assemblages). 

As a guide to the evolutionary history of the continents, Patterson decided to measure the lead isotope ratios of Earth s crust as a whole. As rocks erode, their minerals are collected and mixed in the oceans, where they eventually settle in layers of sediment. Patterson organized a formidable series of experiments to measure the lead isotopes on land, in various layers of ocean water, and in sediments on the sea floor. 

Minerals are the most abundant type of solid matter on the crust of the earth they are homogeneous materials that have a definite composition and an orderly internal structure. Minerals make up most of the bulk of rocks, the comminuted particles of sediments, and the greater part of most soils. Over 3000 minerals have been identified, and new ones are discovered each year. Only a few hundred, however, are common most of the others, such as, for example, the precious stones, are difficult to find (Ernst 1969). Table 3 lists common minerals and mineraloids. Many schemes have been devised for classifying the minerals. In the scheme presented in Table 4, minerals are arranged in classes according to their increasing compositional chemical complexity. 

Most of the rocks that make up the upper crust of the earth lie hidden beneath layers of sediments, unconsolidated accumulations of particles derived from the weathering of minerals and rocks (see Fig. 44 and Textbox 45) (Keller 1957). Once formed, the particles are either carried away or moved by the wind, rain, and gravitational forces into the seas and oceans or, before they get there, into depressions in the land. There they accumulate in a wide range of shapes and sizes (see Table 49) (Rocchi 1985 Shackley 1975). 

Authigenesis Crystallization between particles or in voids of sediments or material remains of new minerals introduced by groundwater... 

Bauer, J.E. and O.G. Capone. 1985. Degradation and mineralization of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons anthracene and naphthalene in intertidal marine sediments. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 50 81-90. 

In general, the calceous-dolomitic rocks from the Cambrian age are affected by their upper beds, by sulphide mineralization of lead, zinc and iron contemporaneous with sedimentation. The oxide lead and zinc minerals are disseminated through dolomitic limestone. As a consequence of the action of the descending process, these formations may assume different types of mineralization. According to the intensity of the oxidation process, which is associated with the different characteristics of the country rock, this country rock may be (a) principally calceous, (b) calceous with dolomitized zones and (c) primarily dolomitized. 

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