Relative risk increase

We tend to use RRR where the intervention is having a benefit in reducing the risk. In the earlier example involving trastuzumab and the incidence of patients suffering SAEs, the active treatment was associated with an increase in risk. We could speak in terms of a relative risk increase (RRI) of 0.47(= 1.47— 1), a 47 per cent increase in the risk of suffering SAEs, but this tends not to be done. 

As the evidence accumulates that ED is a marker for asymptomatic CAD its importance as a barometer of the vasculature generally is being appreciated. Vlachopoulos et al. studied 50 asymptomatic men for CAD with ED and performed angiography in 47 (28). Nine (19%) had angiographic silent CAD. In a health screening program in Vienna 2869 men aged 20 to 80 years completed the International Index to Erectile Function (IIEF) questionnaire (29). Men with moderate to severe ED but not mild ED had a 10-year relative risk increase... 

Most cancers from radon were produced by radon daughter decay products (polonium - 3 isotopes bismuth - 1 isotope and lead - 3 isotopes). ERR (excessive relative risks) of cancers varied, ranging from 0.002 to 0.08 per working level months (WLM) of 170 h of exposure. One WLM is about 200 pCi per liter in a home and 300 pCi per liter in an imdergroimd mine. Relative risk increases from 1 to 10 at 2,500 WLM and 16 at twice that exposure level (5,000 WLM) in the Colorado cohort (Harley, 2008). 

Neurotoxicity in 22 adolescents was related to the prior cumulative dose of cisplatin that had been received the relative risk increased 3.2-fold up to a dose of 600 mg/m, and 4.1-fold up to a dose of 1340 mg/m (101)-... 

Boston, MA, births of at least 20 weeks gestation (N=5,183) PbB range <1 —35 pg/dl Birth weight characterized as low weight 2,500 g) and other indices Increased PbB leads to relative risk increases cord Pb >15 g,g/dl associated with higher risks no association with birth weight as a continuous variable Bellinger etal. (1991)... 

In this formula, by definition, the relative risk of a crash of driver with zero BAG is 1.0, and the relative risk at all other BACs depend on relative frequencies of those BAGs in the crash and control samples. Using this formula Borkenstein et al found that the relative risk increases as an exponential fimction of the BAG, as can be seen in the lower line in Figure 11-3. 

Each of the endoscopic imaging procedures is relatively risk free and painless when performed by competent and weU-trained individuals using a local anesthetic. Eetoscopy has the highest risk. There is a 10% increased probabiUty of premature deUvery and 10% higher fetal loss rate. 

The Safety of Tirofiban in Acute Ischemic Stroke (SaTIS) trial examined 250 patients 6-22 hours after stroke onset treated with tirohban infusion or placebo for 48 hours. No increase in ICH was reported in the active group. Although no beneht in early functional recovery was observed, 5-6-month mortality was lower in the tirohban-treated group (relative risk reduction (RRR) 27%, 95% Cl 0.08-0.95, p = 0.03). 

A number of endocrine factors have been linked to the incidence of breast cancer.5,6 Many of these relate to the total duration of menstrual life. Early menarche (prior to age 12) and late menopause (after age 55) increase a women s breast cancer risk. Similarly, investigators have reported that bilateral oophorectomy prior to age 35 reduces the relative risk of developing breast cancer. Nulliparity and a late age at first birth (greater than or equal to 30 years) have been reported to increase the lifetime risk of developing breast cancer twofold. 

Having a second-degree relative affected increases a woman s risk of developing breast cancer by approximately 50% [relative risk (RR) = 1.5]. 

Fig. 9.6. Relative risk ( 95% confidence intervals) for any cardiovascular event in the group treated with raloxifene or placebo. The information was obtained from the subgroup of women at increased cardiovascular risk in the MORE study. The overall data seem to favor raloxifene, but this effect is clearer when women were grouped according to their risk as assessed by the previously defined severity score (from Barrett-Connor et al. 2002)...

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