Risk index, definition

Given the definition of risk indexes (Rid in Equation 1.1 or 1.2 and assuming that risks from exposure to the different hazardous substances in waste are additive, waste classes are defined by the requirement on each waste class and associated disposal system that ... 

The basic definitions of exempt, low-hazard, and high-hazard waste shown in Figure 6.1 are considered in the following sections. Recommendations on approaches to calculating the risk from waste disposal in the numerator of the risk index and recommendations on specifying allowable risks in the denominator of the risk index for the purpose of classifying waste are discussed in Section 6.3. 

NCRP assumes that the risk from disposal of any hazardous substance in waste can be described by means of a dimensionless risk index. The risk index for the ith hazardous substance is defined as the calculated risk from disposal of that substance, based on an assumed exposure scenario, relative to a specified allowable risk for the assumed type of disposal system. Based on this definition, the risk index is written as ... 

The risk index in Equation 6.2 is expressed in terms of risk (i.e., the probability that an adverse response will occur during an individual s lifetime). This definition is consistent with the fundamental objective of developing a risk-based hazardous waste classification system. However, the use of health risk per se in calculating the risk index presents some difficulties because risk is not proportional to dose for substances that cause deterministic effects. For this type of substance, the risk is presumed to be zero at any dose below a nominal threshold. Since the allowable dose should always be less than the threshold in order to prevent the occurrence of adverse responses, expressing the risk index in terms of risk would result in an indeterminate value and, more importantly, a lack of distinction between doses near the nominal thresholds and lower doses of much less concern. For any hazardous substance, including carcinogens for which risk is assumed to be proportional to dose without threshold, it is generally useful to express the risk index as the ratio of a calculated dose [e.g., sieverts, mg (kg d)-1] to an allowable dose that corresponds to an allowable risk ... 

The risk index defined in Equation 6.1 (see Section 6.2.1) is intended to provide a measure of the potential risk that arises from disposal of any waste that contains hazardous substances. In Section 6.3, the general definition of the risk index is elaborated and recommendations on suitable approaches to calculating the risk index for individual hazardous substances are presented. For purposes of developing a comprehensive and risk-based waste classification system, a simple method of calculating the risk from disposal of mixtures of hazardous substances is needed. The method must take into account that the allowable concentrations of particular hazardous substances in waste of a given class generally will be lower when multiple substances are present than when only a single substance is present. Such a method is presented and discussed in this Section. 

Feasible invasive high risk Requires definite index patient and informative family Genetic counseling is mandatory emphasizing the lack of genotype phenotype correlation in PHI... 

It should be noted that hazard risk and mishap risk are the same entity, just viewed from two different perspectives. Therefore, the MRI matrix and the Hazard Risk Index (HRI) matrix are essentially identical tools thus, a more detailed definition is provided under the Hazard Risk Index (HRI) matrix definition. 

Another very popular definition of risk is through the risk premium or beta. This is defined as the slope of the curve that gives market returns as a function of S P 500 Index returns in other words, comparing how the investment compares with the market. The concept of beta (the slope of the curve) is part of the capital asset pricing model (CAPM) proposed by Lintner (1969) and Sharpe (1970), which intends to incorporate risk into valuation of portfolios and it can also be viewed as the increase in expected return in exchange for a given increase in variance. However, this concept seems to apply to building stock portfolios more than to technical projects within a company. 

Index methods are based on structured check lists, which translate definitions in numeric values. Final indexes - which represent risk levels - derive from numerical combinations of the values, according to empirical algorithms. The first safety index method was the DOW Fire and Explosion Index (AIChE 2005), which was proposed in the seventies. Hazard sources and safety barriers are accounted respectively as Penalties and Credits. 

The first step in designing a road safety development index (RSDI) is to come up with a comprehensive set of indicators, which includes as far as possible aU the main parameters in road safely of human-vehicle-road-enviromnent-regulation, instead of considering a few factors such as accident rates per population or per kilometoe driven. In addition, this index should be as relevant as possible for different countries, especially in developing countries. The choice of accident risk and exposure variables is necessary to what is available in international data and what is considered necessary for meaningfiil comparisons. Commonly, frequencies of aimual numbers of vehicles, accidents, injured and killed people are some kind quantification and relatively easy to define and to measure in different countries. But differences in definitions, noncollection of data, non-rehabUity of data and under-reporting are problems for effective measurements of road safety. 

Sari and Kubat (2012) describe a model that provides an index of intervention designed to save maximum life within shortest term and with limited economic resources in case of an earthquake. In the first phase of the model, the definition of the vulnerability and calculations of the number and locations of people in danger are provided. The second phase of the process is the evaluation of the blockage risks of the roads within a network because of the collapsed buildings. Afterwards, predictions of the major routes that people use frequently to reach the city main road network and major destinations in the urban configuration are estimated with space syntax theory. The outputs of the model are the road risk and the index of intervention . Each value provides information for total risk assessment and intervention priorities against the earthquake risk. The model is applied to a case study from Istanbul, Turkey. 

Chapters 2 and 3 outline the context of the tool development, i.e., definitions, methods and tools. Results of an Internet survey show software tools supporting indexing and QRA methods. Chapter 4 covers the general audit principle. Chapter 5 extends the indexing and semi-quantitative approaches and their combination. Chapter 6 sketches the audit application by a prototype tool (MS EXCEL). The concluding chapter 7 discusses pros and cons of QRA audit and of the presented risk audit approach. 

Furthermore, individual intervals of risk point indexes have been defined for assessing the acceptability of risk in relation to each y-hazard source and /-element of water source. The outcomes are in a well arranged way shown in Table 4. It is obvious from equation (I) and the definitions of frequency sensitivity and invariable const t), that the values of risk point indexes RJ f) (0 60) a Re. ... 

For each criterion related to a pipeline section and for each accident scenario, the risk is defined as the expected value of losses, as per the definitions found in Berger (1985) and Keeney and Raiffa (1976). In this statement, the risk is considered to be the result of summing the losses associated with each specific scenario 6 and each section x for the three consequence dimensions considered, multiplied by the probabilities of accident scenarios added to the losses indexed... 

A low index number (i.e., 1) from the software criticality matrix does not mean that a design is unacceptable from a risk or safety standpoint. Rather, it indicates that a more significant level of effort is necessary for the requirements definition, design, implementation, and test of the software and its interactions with the system. 

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