Rhesus

Ribavirin is not incorporated into the DNA or RNA of either mammalian or viral systems. It has been shown (123), however, that a high dosage of ribavirin given over a prolonged period to Rhesus monkeys results in anemia of red blood cells. This effect is dose related and reversible upon cessation of treatment. Guanosine partially reverses the antiviral effect of ribavirin against certain vimses. 

Calf kidneys, dog kidneys and rhesus monkey kidneys were treated with trypsin to give suspensions of cells. The suspensions were centrifuged and the packed cells diluted with 400 volumes (calf cells) or 200 volumes (dog cells and rhesus monkey cells) of a growth medium consisting of 5% horse serum and 0.5% lactalbumen hydrolysate in Earle s saline, with 100 units/ml each of penicillin and streptomycin. These media were used separately to produce Semliki Forest/calf interferon, Semliki Forest/dog interferon and Semliki Forest/rhesus monkey interferon. The cell-containing growth medium was dispensed into 500 ml medical flat bottles (70 ml in each). The cultures were incubated at 36°C. Confluent sheets of cells (monolayers) were formed in 5 to 6 days. The growth medium was then removed and the monolayers were washed with isotonic phosphate-buffered saline, pH 7.5. 

Rhesus monkey kidney infected with Semliki Forest arborvirus gave interferon of tltre 1.5 log interferon units/2 ml. (The interferon unit, determined in a volume of 2 ml, is the dilution of interferon which produced a half-maximal score for degree of cytopathic effect In virus-infected tissue culture tubes at the time when the control without interferon first showed the maximal score.)... 

Syrett and Davis conducted in-vivo studies wherein they implanted crevice corrosion specimens of Co-Cr-Mo in dogs and rhesus monkeys for up to two years. Their results indicated the alloy was not susceptible to crevice corrosion. Galante and Rostoker implanted crevice-type specimens of Co-Cr-Mo and Ti-6A1-4V in the back of rabbits for 12 months. Although no evidence of severe corrosion was found in any of the specimens, several of the titanium and cobalt specimens did show signs of single pits in the crevice regions. 

Youngren KD, Inglis FM, Pivirotto PJ et al (1999) Clozapine preferentially increases dopamine release in the rhesus monkey prefrontal cortex compared with the caudate nucleus. Neuropsychopharmacology 20 403-12... 

Harris, R.S., Moor, J.R. and Wanner, R.L. 1961 Calcium metabolism of the normal rhesus monkey. Journal of Clinical Investigation 40 1766-1774. 

The potent activity of D-DOT against AZT- and 3TC-resistant HIV-1 strains together with its excellent pharmacokinetic profile in rhesus monkeys suggest that further development of D-DOT towards HIV-1 chemotherapy is warranted (Asif et al. 2007). 

Seggewiss R, Pittaluga S, Adler RL, Guenaga FJ, Ferguson C, Pilz I, Ryu B, Sorrentino BP, Young WS, Donahue RE, von Kalle C, Nienhuis AW, Dunbar CE (2006) Acute myeloid leukemia associated with retroviral gene transfer to hematopoietic progenitor cells of a rhesus macaque. Blood 107 3865-3867... 

FIGURE 10 Plasma profile of nafarelin acetate and biological response parameter in female Rhesus monkeys after injection with 100 mg of 55 45 lactide/glycolide microspheres. (From Ref. 118.)... 

J. (1985). Ocular toxicity of intravitreally injected liposomal amphotericin B in rhesus monkeys. Am. J. Ophthalmol., 100, 259-263. 

Liley, A. W. Liquor amnii analysis in the management of the pregnancy conq>licated by rhesus sensitazation. 

Carr DJ, Carpenter GW, Garza HH Jr, France CP, Prakash OM (1995) Chronic infrequent opioid exposure suppresses 1L-2R expression on rhesus monkey peripheral blood mononuclear cells foUowing stimulation with pokeweed mitogen. Int J Neurosci 81 137-148... 

The natural killer cells (NK) are the host s primary innate immune responders against viral infections. Studies have shown morphine to suppress the cytolytic activity of NK cells (Shavit et al. 2004). In vivo studies carried out in the Indian rhesus macaques looked at chronic morphine administration and SIV the equivalent of HIV in apes. This group concluded that morphine contributed to the pathogenesis of Simian Immunodeficiency Virus (SIV) infection and that this contribution occurred in conjunction with the replication of viral proteins including Tat (Noel and Kumar 2006 Noel et al. 2006). 

Nelson CJ, Carrigan KA, Lysle DT (2000) Naltrexone administration attenuates surgery-induced immune alterations in rats. J Surg Res 94(2) 172-177 Noel RJ Jr, Kumar A (2006) Virus replication and disease progression inversely correlate with SIV tat evolution in morphine-dependent and SIV/SHIV-infected Indian rhesus macaques. Virology 346(1) 127-138... 

Yaksh TL, Rudy TA (1977) A dose ratio comparison of the interaction between morphine and cyclazocine with naloxone in rhesus monkeys on the shock titration task. Eur J Pharmacol 46(2) 83-92... 

Kumar R, Torres C, Yamamura Y, Rodriguez 1, Martinez M, Staprans S, Donahoe RM, Kraiselburd E, Stephens EB, Kumar A (2004) Modulation by morphine of viral set point in rhesus macaques infected with simian immunodeficiency virus and simian-human immunodeficiency virus. J Virol 78 11425-11428... 

Kumar R, Orsoni S, Norman L, Verma AS, Tirado G, Giavedoni LD, Staprans S, Miller GM, Buch SJ, Kumar A (2006) Chronic morphine exposure causes pronounced virus replication in cerebral compartment and accelerated onset of AIDS in SIV/SHIV-infected Indian rhesus macaques. Virology 354 192-206... 

Marcario JK, Riazi M, Adany I, Kenjale H, Fleming K, Marquis J, Nemon O, Mayo MS, Yankee T, Narayan O, Cheney PD (2008) Effect of morphine on the neuropathogenesis of SlVmac infection in Indian Rhesus Macaques. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 3 12-25 Mattson MP, Haughey NJ, Nath A (2005) CeU death in HIV dementia. Cell Death Differ 12 893-904 Mayne M, Bratanich AC, Chen P, Rana F, Nath A, Power C (1998) HlV-1 tat molecular diversity and induction of TNF-alpha implications for HIV-induced neurological disease. Neuroimmunomodulation 5 184-192... 

Muller WF, Coulston F, Korte F. 1982. Comparative metabolism of " C-trichloroethylene in chimpanzees, baboons, and rhesus monkeys. Chemosphere 11 215-218. 

Histamine release in the hypothalamus is higher during the active waking than the quiescent phase of behaviour, whether this is associated with darkness (in rats) or light (rhesus monkey). The firing rate of histamine neurons is also higher during arousal... 

Fames, W. B., Hendrix, K. Mohler, H. C. (1979). Pulpal responses in rhesus monkeys to cementation agents and cleaners. Journal of the American Dental Association, 98, 40-5. 

Finocchio DV, Luschei ES, Mottet NK, Body RL. 1980. Effects of methylmercury on the visual system of the rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatto). I. Pharmacokinetics of chronic methylmercury related to changes in vision and behavior. In Merigan WH, Weiss B, editors. Neurotoxicity of the visual system. New York Raven Press, p. 113-122. 

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