Rhesus sensitization

Figure 54-17 Li ley s three-zone chart (with modification) for interpretation of amniotic fluid AA 5o. For explanation of the three zones, see text. (Modified from UleyAW. Liquor amnii analysis in the management of the pregnancy complicated by rhesus sensitization. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1961 82 1359-70.)...

Caritis SN, Mueller-Heubach E, Edelstone DI. Effect of betamethasone on analysis of amniotic fluid in the rhesus-sensitized pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1977 127 529-32. 

Liley AW. Liquor amnii analysis in the management of the pregnancy complicated by rhesus sensitization. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1961 82 1359-70. 

Incidental risks (18 ) which have been reported include hormonal over-activity as a result of the endocrine activity of the injected material (apoplexy following injection of adrenal cells) and rhesus sensitization where blood products have been given. The validity of the case reports involved has sometimes been challenged and is difficult to assess. All one can say is that the nature of the compUcations reported is exactly what one would anticipate with treatment of this type. 

The original observation of long-term depletions of DA in the rhesus monkey was made during a study of the development of tolerance to the effects of daily injections of METH (Fischman and Schuster 1977). In this study, it was found that behavioral tolerance to METH on a differential-reinforcement-of-low-rate (DRL) task persisted long after the repeated METH regimen. In a similar study conducted later, monkeys treated with repeated METH showed reduced sensitivity to apomorphine and increased... 

Ando, K. Johanson, C.E. and Seiden, L.S. Sensitivity changes to dopaminergic agents in fine motor control of rhesus monkeys after repeated methamphetamine administration. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 22 737-743, 1985. 

Finnegan, K.T. Rieaurte, G. Seiden, L.S. and Schuster, C.R. Altered sensitivity to rhesus monkeys depleted of eaudate dopamine by repeated administration of (7-methylamphetamine. Psychopharmacology 77 43-52, 1982. 

Prasad et al. [126] developed and used a sensitive and specific spectropho tome trie method for the estimation of primaquine to study the plasma kinetics of primaquine in Rhesus monkeys. It was observed that the drug completely disappeared from the plasma in 24 h after a single oral dose. Its concentration in the plasma reached a peak at 2 h of administration. The mean absorption and elimination half-lives were 0.36 0.08 and 3.44 0.37 h, respectively. 

Based upon the available data, hamsters appear to be more resistant than other tested species to the lethal effects of acute exposure to monomethylhydrazine. Within similar exposure durations, the data expressed as concentration time (Ct) products suggest similar response sensitivity among squirrel monkeys, dogs, and mice. Based on 1-h LC50 values, the rhesus monkey and rats are somewhat more resistant to the lethal effects of monomethylhydrazine but not as resistant as hamsters. Squirrel monkeys and dogs, however, appear to be more sensitive than the rodents. These comparisons suggest species variability in the range of 2- to 3-fold. 

Data on the lethality of monomethylhydrazine are available for several laboratory species (Jacobson et al. 1955 Haun et al. 1970 MacEwen and Vernot 1975). These reports provided 1-h LC50 values of 162, 82, 96, 244, 122, and 991 ppm for rhesus monkeys, squirrel monkeys, beagle dogs, rats, mice, and hamsters, respectively. Based on these data, the squirrel monkeys and beagle dogs appeared to be the most sensitive species. However, the rhesus... 

Endpoint/Concentration/Rationale The 60-min LC50 of 82 ppm was reduced to 27.3 ppm by using a 3-fold adjustment as an estimate of the lethality threshold the available data indicated the squirrel monkey to be the most sensitive species tested. That is a reasonable estimate of the lethality threshold, because monomethylhydrazine has a steep exposure-response curve, and data on other chemicals with similar dose response curves indicate that this approach represents a likely estimate of the threshold for lethality. For the 1-h exposure, 2/2 monkeys died at 90 ppm, 2/4 at 85 ppm, and 0/2 at 75 ppm. A similar spectrum of response is seen with the rhesus monkey and dog. 

Schelegle, E.S., et al., Repeated episodes of ozone inhalation amplifies the effects of allergen sensitization and inhalation on airway immune and structural development in Rhesus monkeys, Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol., 191, 74, 2003. 

There are marked species differences in susceptibility to specific emetogens. For example, dog and man are very sensitive to apomorphine [40], while the rhesus monkey is completely resistant [41]. The ferret exhibits intermediate sensitivity to apomorphine, but there may be some controversy regarding this species [42-44], On the other hand, the ferret shows high sensitivity to radiation-induced emesis [44] followed by dog, man, monkey and cat. The cat in general is more resistant to apomorphine and radiation-induced emesis than dog or man [40, 45],... 

As yet, few attempts have been made to study the effects of pharmacological challenge in individual primates that have been socially stressed or that are temperamentally vulnerable. The success of this approach is illustrated by an important study (Insel et al. 1988) in which peer-reared rhesus monkeys were shown to be especially sensitive to a p-CCE challenge and by our own studies using a behavioral test battery as a screening instrument to identify vulnerable and resistant subjects before administration of CCK-4 (Palmour et al. 1992a). 

The characteristics of CR monkeys are summarized in Table 2 [72] and Fig. 12A-C [73]. CR monkeys weigh less [74] and have less total and abdominal obesity than controls [75], In addition, CR reduces body temperature and induces a transient reduction in metabolic rate [76], Young male CR monkeys also exhibit delayed sexual and skeletal maturation [72, 74]. In addition, several lines of evidence suggest that CR improves the disease risk in rhesus monkeys [72], CR monkeys have reduced blood glucose and insulin levels and improved insulin sensitivity [75], CR also reduces blood pressure and lowers the serum triglyceride and cholesterol levels [77]. In... 

Kemnitz, M. W., Elson, D. F., Roecker, E. B., Baum, S. T., Bergman, R. N., and Meglasson, M. D. (1994). Pioglitazone Increases Insulin Sensitivity, Reduces Blood Glucose, Insulin, and Lipid Levels, and Lowers Blood Pressure in Obese, Insulin-Resistant Rhesus Monkeys. Diabetes AS, 204-211. 

France CP (1995) A sensitive, efficient drug discrimination procedure for studying kappa antagonists in rhesus monkeys. Analgesia 1 421-424... 

Hotta, K., Funahashi, T., Bodkin, N. L., Ortmeyer, H. K., Arita, Y., Hansen, B. C., and Matsuzawa, Y. 2001. Circulating concentrations of the adipocyte protein adiponectin are decreased in parallel with reduced insulin sensitivity during the progression to type 2 diabetes in rhesus monkeys. Diabetes, 50,1126-1133. 

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