Comparison of Ratios

Finally in this section, we note that a number of tests exist for estimating the significance of the difference between ratios. These include the and Fisher tests, both of which are described in standard texts. They have occasional use in structure correlation studies. For example, x test was used to show that the distribution of non-bonded contacts around nitro groups in organic crystal structures is significantly anisotropic [34]. 

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Nitric-hydrofluoric acid test 1 10% HNO3 -1- 3% HF 4 h exptosure to 70° C solution Comparison of ratio of mass loss of laboratory annealed and as-received samples of same material Corrosion potential of 304 steel = -l-O-14 to -I-0-54 1. Chromium-depleted areas 2. Not for 0-phase 3. Used only for Mo-bearing steels... 

Table 7. Comparison of ratios between the major monosaccharides in polysaccharide fractions in three marine diatoms [25,127,171]...

Comparison of Ratios of Unlabeled to Labeled Cholesterol and Corresponding Oxidation Products... 

Nitric-hydrofluoric 1 10% HNO3 + 3% HF 4 h exposure to 70 C Comparison of ratio Corrosion potential of 1. Chromium-depleted > z... 

Table 1.2 presents a comparison of ratios of nondimensional wave setup values at the still water shoreline as recommended by SPM and Goda. In examining the results in Table 1.2, recall that an additional wave setup occurs from the still water line to the location where the maximimi setup intersects the beach profile. 

Figure 19.4 Comparison of ratios of crural plate/outer hinge plate length among Norwegian, Welsh, Estonian, and North American forms of Stricklandia. (European data from Baarli, 1986 crural plate = outer plate outer hinge plate = inner plate.)...

Table 7 Comparison of ratio S (XRF signal) to N (noise) and ratio S to D (dose at focal plane) for 241Am and X-ray tube as incident source. Electronic, spectrometric and detector settings are the same for both sources.

The combination of contrast and granularity produces a signal to noise ratio which allows for direct comparison of various films. The classes have minimum values for eontrast and maximum values for graininess. The ASTM classification system employs the same parameters as the European Standard EN584-1 and ISO CD (see Table 1). 

Fig 2 Determination of the equivalent thickness for lead screens by comparison of scatter ratios. 

Two further expressions are used in discussions on isotope ratios. These are the atom% and the atom% excess, which are defined in Figure 48.6 and are related to abundance ratios R. It has been recommended that these definitions and some similar ones should be used routinely so as to conform with the system of international units (SI). While these proposals will almost certainly be accepted by mass spectrometrists, their adoption will still leave important data in the present format. Therefore, in this chapter, the current widely used methods for comparison of isotope ratios are fully described. The recommended Sl-compatible units such as atom% excess are introduced where necessary. 

Isotope ratios are commonly reported as relative abundance (R), and comparison of two ratios (R, R2) represent the a-value (known as a fractionation factor). 

Dual viscous-flow reservoir inlet. An inlet having two reservoirs, used alternately, each having a leak that provides viscous flow. This inlet is used to obtain precise comparisons of isotope ratios in two samples. 

Laboratory experiments using rodents, or the use of gas analysis, tend to be confused by the dominant variable of fuel—air ratio as well as important effects of burning configuration, heat input, equipment design, and toxicity criteria used, ie, death vs incapacitation, time to death, lethal concentration, etc (154,155). Some comparisons of polyurethane foam combustion toxicity with and without phosphoms flame retardants show no consistent positive or negative effect. Moreover, data from small-scale tests have doubtful relevance to real fine ha2ards. 

Fig. 19. Comparison of the predictions of k-e model and experimental data for a confined swirling flow, (a) Flow configuration where 4. is the primary inlet, D = 25 mm, and B is the secondary inlet, = 31 mm, = 59 mm and the step height, H = 31.5 mm. (b) Predicted and measured streamline values where r/H is the ratio of the radial distance from the centerline to the step height.

Comparison of Base Soap Manufacturing Routes. Direct saponification of fats and oils is well known, characteri2ed, and straightforward requires Httle equipment and is relatively energy-efficient. However, it is not very effective with regard to changes in the fats and oils ratio desired for finished soap bar formulations. Furthermore, direct saponification has the drawbacks of lower glycerol yields, limited flexibiUty toward... 

The comparison of the magnitude of the two resistances clearly indicates whether tire metal or the slag mass transfer is rate-determining. A value for the ratio of the boundary layer thicknesses can be obtained from the Sherwood number, which is related to the Reynolds number and the Schmidt number, defined by... 

The spatial localization of H atoms in H2 and HD crystals found from analysis of the hyperfine structure of the EPR spectrum, is caused by the interaction of the uncoupled electron with the matrix protons [Miyazaki 1991 Miyazaki et al. 1991]. The mean distance between an H atom and protons of the nearest molecules was inferred from the ratio of line intensities for the allowed (without change in the nuclear spin projections. Am = 0) and forbidden (Am = 1) transitions. It equals 3.6-4.0 A and 2.3 A for the H2 and HD crystals respectively. It follows from comparison of these distances with the parameters of the hep lattice of H2 that the H atoms in the H2 crystal replace the molecules in the lattice nodes, while in the HD crystal they occupy the octahedral positions. 

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