Economic outcomes

Munakata J, Brenner JS, Becker S et al (2006) Chnical and economic outcomes of nonadherence to highly active antiretroviral therapy in patients with human immunodeficiency virus, Med Care 44 893-899... 

Bakst A, Meletiche D, Arnold R, et al. The Avandia Worldwide Awareness Registry (AWARe ) an Internet-based program for evaluation of clinical, humanistic and economic outcomes of patients with type 2 diabetes. International Society for Pharmacoeconomics and Outcomes Research Sixth Annual International Meeting. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 2001. 

Hamilton SH, Revicki DA, Edgell ET, et al (1999). Clinical and economic outcomes of olanzapine compared with haloperidol for schizophrenia results from a randomised clinical trial. Pharmacoeconomics 15, 469—80. 

Nightengale BS, Crumly JM, Liao J, et al (1998). Economic outcomes of antipsychotic agents in a medicaid population traditional gents vs risperidone. PsyehopharmacBullltAy 373—82. 

Edgell ET, Hylan TR (1997). Economic outcomes associated with initial treatment choice in depression a retrospective database analysis. Am J Managed Care 5, S51. 

Sclar DA, Robison LM, Skaer TL et al (1994). Antidepressant pharmacotherapy economic outcomes in a Health Maintenance Organisation. Clin 16, 715—30. 

Economic considerations are often very important in the adoption of conservation or reduced-input practices. Noneconomic factors can also be important in farmers decisions to reduce agrichemical use. Also, concern about environmental pollution is consistently positively correlated with farmer s willingness to adopt pesticide use reduction practices however, economic factors often take precedence over such concerns. Farmers perceptions of the economic outcome of reduced pesticide use are critical to its adoption (Nazarko et al. 2003). 

The economic outcome of the operation of a centrally located facility is comparable with all other hydrometallurgical operations and is highly dependent on price and quality of the metals produced. All products have to conform to commercial specifications. Adequate quality and quantity of cheap feed materials are also essential. It is very important to consider the fact that the transformation of waste and raw material usually involves a dramatic increase in the value of the feed material. The economic result cannot be isolated to an auxiliary process, but is the result of the combined effects on the total operation. 

Most trials of the antipsychotic drugs are short term and consider only psychiatric outcomes. There is still a need for longer trials, and for the study of other variables such as patient and family quality of life and preference, or economic outcomes. Additionally, though newer neuroleptics and especially... 

Namjoshi MA, Risser RC, Feldman PD, et al. Clinical, humanistic, and economic outcomes associated with long-term treatment of mania with olanzapine. Presented at the American Psychiatric Association Annual Meeting, Chicago, May 13-18, 2000. 

The conventional proof of efficacy is still the key to product registration and market entry, but in the new, information-intensive environment it brings no competitive advantage. Those responsible for the purchase of pharmaceuticals have begun to demand proof of value, which is to be found in information on the medical and economic outcomes of treatment, and the best means to those ends. Proof of efficacy can usually suffice as proof of value if it applies to the first curative medicine for a hitherto untreatable disease, but hardly so when the choice is among multiple, like-indicated, differently priced agents. 

When comparing the South Caucasian Pipeline system for Azeri gas with the Blue Stream and the North-South Caucasus Pipelines for delivery of Turkmen gas calculations show that the best economic outcome for the Turkish consumers will be achieved by the former pipeline (SCP). The cheapest at wellhead Turkmen gas supply to Turkey and Europe using of Trans-Caspian Pipeline or the Turkmenistan-Iran-Turkey Pipelines is rather comparable, but the political isolation imposed upon Iran by the USA, and the latest agreement on delivery of the Turkmen gas to Russia make the further development prospect of these projects very doubtful. The proposed co-operation between two gas export pipeline projects the South Caucasian Pipeline system and the Trans-Caspian Pipelines - for supply to Turkey and Europe via Azerbaijan and Georgia seem to be more attractive. In that case instead of construction of new pipeline sections on the Azeri and Georgian territories, a free capacity of South Caucasian Pipeline system can be used. This may result in a reduced investment cost up to US 1000 million. 

Ouriel K, Kaul AF, Leonard MC. Clinical and economic outcomes in thrombolytic treatment of peripheral arterial occlusive disease and deep venous thrombosis. J Vase Surg. 2004 40 971-977. 

Economic outcomes Costs associated with sleep loss and fatigue (e.g., fatigue related medical errors) Cost-benefit analyses of fatigue management programs Hospital costs Patient care costs Direct and indirect costs... 

Measure clinical and economic outcomes in first LTCF 1 month... 

Schumock G. 2000. Methods to assess the economic outcomes of clinical pharmacy services. Pharmacotherapy... 

There are different ways to look at outcomes. One method, the ECHO model, purports three basic types of outcomes economic, clinical, and humanistic (Kozma et al., 1993). Economic outcomes include direct costs and consequences, both medical and nonmedical, and indirect costs and consequences. For example, when assessing outcomes from a patient perspective, a medication copayment would be a direct medication cost, whereas gas money to pick up the medication from the pharmacy would represent a nonmedical direct cost. Lost wages from missed work could be regarded as an indirect cost. 

Garrett DG, Bluml BM. 2005. Patient self-management program for diabetes First-year clinical, humanistic, and economic outcomes. J Am Pharm Assoc 45 130—7. 

Cranor CW, Bunting BA, Christensen DB. 2003. The Asheville Project Long-term clinical and economic outcomes of a community pharmacy diabetes care program. J Am Pharm Assoc 43 173. 

The third step is to establish a framework to evaluate the question. When establishing the framework, pharmacists need to know some basic facts about the programs and diseases they are studying. Pharmacists undertaking these projects first should prioritize their objectives by determining what interventions and outcomes most need to be evaluated. For example, Cynthia Marshall may wish to determine the effect of her monitoring program on cost of care (an economic outcome), blood pressure (a clinical outcome), and quality of life (a humanistic outcome). 

Many have proposed that evaluation of drug therapy and pharmacists value-added services should include assessments of economic, clinical, and humanistic outcomes. The economic, clinical, and humanistic outcomes (ECHO) model assumes that the outcomes of medical care can be classified along the three dimensions of economic, clinical, and humanistic outcomes (Kozma, Reeder, and Schultz, 1993). Clinical outcomes are defined as medical events that occur as a result of disease or treatment. Economic outcomes are defined as the direct, indirect, and intangible costs compared with the consequences of medical treatment alternatives. Humanistic outcomes are defined as the consequences of disease or treatment on patient functional status or quality of life. All three of these outcomes need to be balanced simultaneously to assess value. 

Cost-utility analysis is used when quality of fife is the most important outcome being examined. This is common in disease states in which how one feels or what one can do is more important than a clinical laboratory value or economic outcome (e.g., chronic diseases such as heart disease, diabetes, arthritis, cancer, or HIV/AIDS). Cost-utility analyses compare the direct and indirect costs of an intervention with some measurable level of humanistic outcome, such quality of life or level of satisfaction. The direct and indirect costs of treatment alternatives again are expressed in monetary terms. The humanistic outcomes associated with each intervention can be expressed as an SF-12 or SF-36 health survey score for quality of life (Ware, 1997), as a satisfaction survey score (Mac-Keigan and Larson, 1989), or as quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs). QALYs represent the number of full years at full health that are valued equivalently with... 

The framework for presenting the evidence in support of a pharmaceutical care practice managemenf system is clinical, humanistic, and economic outcomes data, which are described next. 

Crowley, S., Tognanni, D., Desmond, P., Lees, M., Saat, G. Introduction of lamivudine for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B expected clinical and economic outcomes based on 4-year clinical trial data. X Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 2002 17 153—164... 

Harbarth S, Burke JP, Lloyd JF,etal. Clinical and economic outcomes of conventional amphotericin B-associated nephrotoxicity. Clin Infect Dis 2002 35 e120-e127. 

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