Retail channel

The proportion of organic foods sold through different supply chains and retail channels differs between countries and according to the overall level... 

There are various types of fried snack foods that are prepared and sold fresh or packaged and distributed through retail channels like super market, convenience stores, restaurants, food services, vending machines, and so on. Most common fresh fried products are as follows ... 

The Board request the director of OCDM to inaugurate at least minimum production of the civilian protective mask (CDV-805) as soon as possible after completion of final tests on the mask and to consider making provision for its distribution through commercial retail channels (April 5,1959). 

Developed new retail channel strategy for private label department in top-ten grocery company. 

First, the distribution of buyers among domestic, EU, and extra-EU market has shown high employment in marketing channels such as the direct selling, wholesaler and also the LSR, while the catering/restaurant and conventional retail channels are definitively less important. Sales to traditional retail are rather turned to organic shops than conventional ones. 

Architectural (decorative) coatings include exterior and interior house paints which are normally distributed through wholesale-retail channels and purchased by the general public, painters, building contractors, government agencies, etc. 

Iyer, A.V. and M.E. Bergen. Quick Response in Manufacturer-Retailer Channels. Management Science, 43(4) 559—570, April 1997. 

Consumer-driven value networks. The combination of retail, consumer manufacturers, logistics providers, and chemical suppliers to provide products for sale in retail channels. 

Dell s package-to-order philosophy differentiated them from the make-to-stock processes of the other computer makers. Initially, Dell avoided retail channels, instead offering every customer the opportunity to order a unique product built to their specifications. The genius behind Dell s direct model was that every PC that was built was pre-paid. The unique configurations coupled with the short lead limes were tough to forecast. 

The horizontal partnership is one that does have overlapping capabilities between participants. The combination of two telecommunications providers, one focused on wireless and one on long distance, is an example. Clicks and bricks combines two retail channels — the Internet and the face-to-face retail outlet — to market the same products. Such partnerships might be motivated by a number of factors. Examples include the need for greater geographic coverage or to provide the critical mass to be competitive. 

Finally, we note that other topics may be particularly pertinent to firms operating on the Internet as a sales channel. For example, this channel may compete with a given firm s traditional retail channel, so considering these simultaneously for pricing and production strategies may be important. 

The authors find that at equilibrium the manufacturer will price in the direct channel so as to drive all customers to the retail channel. In this case, the direct channel exists not to sell product, but as a mechanism for controlling the independent retailer s price. At the same time, there always exist circumstances under which the retailer and the manufacturer are both made better off as a result. This is possible because a reduction in the wholesale price accompanies the use of a direct channel. Hence, multi-channel approaches need not suffer from channel conflict. 

In Kumar and Ruan (2002) the manufacturer contemplates augmenting the retail channel with a direct online channel. 

Rhee (2001) generalizes Rhee and Park (2000) by explicitly modeling a competitive impetus for a manufacturer to add a direct channel alongside its established retail channel to respond to a direct-sales-only challenger (usually Internet-based). A motivating example is Compaq s 1998 introduction of the Compaq.com online store, largely viewed as a response to the likes of Dell Computer. 

Peleg and Lee (2002) is distinctive in that the activities of the different sales channels are staggered in time. There is a primary market attended to by a traditional retail channel. The manufacturer may later emerge as a competitor to the retailers in a secondary market. 

In Boyaci (2001), a manufacturer sells through a self-owned distribution channel as well as a competing retail channel This model is distinctive in considering stochastic demand, in which inventory is the basis of interaction between channels. 

The manufacturer produces at unit cost c, and the retailer purchases at wholesale price w > c. All sales occur at the same exogenous price r. Random variables Dm and Dr describe first-choice demand in the direct and retailer channels, respectively. A fraction a of customers who encounter a stockout in their preferred channel will subsequently search the other channel before walking away. This dynamic is what induces interdependence between the two channels. The resulting objective functions have newsvendor form (with product substitution) and the two firms simultaneously choose order-up-to levels. The analysis proceeds to identify the equilibrium stocking levels and profits of... 

Traditional reasons for a manufacturer to install a captive channel alongside an independent retail channel include reaching a different market segment and achieving price discrimination. These play key roles in several of the papers described in this section, including Ahn et al. (2001), Rhee (2001), Hender-shott and Zhang (2001), Kumar and Ruan (2002), and Peleg and Lee (2002). 

Choi, S.C., Price Competition In A Duopoly Common Retailer Channel, Journal of Retailing, 72, 2 (1996), 117-134. 

Kumar, N. and R. Ruan, On Strategic Pricing And Complementing The Retail Channel With A Direct Internet Channel, Working Paper, University of Texas at Dallas, 2002. 

Keywords Channel coordination pricing retail channel Internet channel supply chain... 

One of the most successful and well-known internet retailers is Amazon.com. In less than 10 years of existence, they have become a retailing giant with 2002 revenue of nearly 4 billion, coming entirely from online sales. They neither manufacture the products they sell, nor maintain a traditional retail channel. They participate in a supply chain that includes product manufacturers (Random House, HarperCollins, Sony, etc.) that are separate entities from the traditional retailers (Barnes Noble, Borders, Waldenbooks, etc.) against which Amazon competes. The pricing decisions made by new, online retailers will have an important impact on the performance of all the members of the supply chain. 

Seifert, et al. (2001) assume that the manufacturer has a direct (internet) market that serves a different customer segment than the traditional retail channel (not owned by the manufacturer) and that demands in the two channels are thus independent. They model the inventory decisions for a supply chain comprised of a manufacturer and N retailers, as shown in Figure 15.4. They compare a dedicated supply chain to a cooperative supply chain. In a dedicated supply chain the inventory sent to each retailer is used exclusively to meet demand at that retailer while inventory at the internet store is used exclusively to meet demand at that store. In a cooperative supply chain, leftover inventory at the retailers is available to fill demand at the internet store. 

Naturally, also the type of silylation agent used plays a crucial role in determining the final properties of aerogels obtained by APD. HMDS and TMCS are the ones most commonly used, and that for a reason. They yield the lowest density and highest porosity materials and also are easily accessible through standard commercial retail channels. For a more comprehensive comparison of physicochemical properties of identically prepared sodium silicate aerogels sUylated with various surface modification agents, the reader is referred to [16]. 

Further, in the well documented model of Dell Direct (see Basu and Wright, 2(X)5, pp. 334-337), where the traditional retail channels are bypassed through the manufacturer selling and deUvering direct to customer, it might be considered that wholesalers, distributors and retailers are redrmdant. These are good examples but are isolated approaches to suit particular circumstances and products. For example, some products are best processed in batches and stocked in bulk (e.g. food processing and cool stores). In the course of this book we aim to establish the appropriateness of each model in the context of a big picture approach. 

Milk and milk products are distributed through wholesale and retail channels to consumers. 

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