The Need for a New Approach

This new environment requires a new approach (Laszlo, 2003) one that forces managers to think outside-in about how their companies can create and sustain competitive advantage. Outside-in thinking, which sees the world from the perspective of stakeholders, is a powerful new lens through which managers can discover new business opportunities and risks. Leaders who engage stakeholders and proactively 

Upper left quadrant When value is transferred from stakeholders to shareholders, the stakeholders represent a risk to the future of the business. Feaded paint and asbestos are two well-known examples however, a much broader range of products and services face this situation. For example, chlori- 

Bottom right quadrant. When value is transferred from shareholders to stakeholders, the company incurs a fiduciary liability to its shareholders. Actions intended to create stakeholder value that destroys shareholder value put into question the company s ability to create societal value over time. Avoiding offshore sourcing to protect American jobs is an example of actions that could create value for some stakeholders while destroying value for shareholders. Bringing back offshore jobs and union strikes to Keep Jobs in America may create job security for American workers in the short term, but can hurt companies whose operating cost structures become uncompetitive. 

Companies can apply the sustainable value framework to their existing portfolio of products and services to identify risks and opportunities. Managers assess the overall value created for a business or product in both shareholder and stakeholder terms. For 

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Chisolm JJ Jr. 1986. Removal of lead paint from old housing The need for a new approach. Am J Public Health 76 236-237. 

The need for a new approach can be argued from different starting points. One is that there is a need of an approach that accepts non-binding instruments because the sheer amount of them hints at relevance. Another way is to start from the existing instruments. Customary international law was discussed in Chap. 3 where it became clear that while it is firmly recognized as a source of international law, it has also a number of conceptual problems. The other important source of international law are treaties. Now, if treaties do not accomplish what they set out to do, does that not point at the necessity to broaden the perspective ... 

The problems arising in the thermodynamic approach to critical phenomena were briefly mentioned in Section 2.3, in connection with the van der Waals equation of state. Problems arise because all standard thermodynamic treatments involve an averaging procedure a given molecule moves in and interacts with the fleld derived from aU the other materials in the system. The correct treatment of this problem leads to intractable mathematics. In its place, thermodynamics relies on a mean field systematization of experimental observations. Normally this works well for macroscopic systems—witness all the materials in the preceding chapters. However, as we will shortly show, near the critical point any system displays large-scale fluctuations. These affect physical properties of the material that cannot be quantitatively characterized by standard methods. Hence the need for a new approach that comes under the heading of scaling laws. 

Removal of Lead Paint from Old Housing The Need for a New Approach, American Journal of Public Health, 76, No. 3 (1986). 

We believe there is a need for a new approach to foster intergroup collaboration to speed up drug discovery. The impact of accelerating the identification and advancement of promising anti-malarial and Mtb lead compounds through the efforts of a collaborative network of top antimalarial and Mtb or other neglected disease researchers, very simply, can be measured in terms of the potential number of lives saved. Malaria infects ca. 200 million people and causes over 1 million deaths per year, disproportionately claiming African children under the age of 5 years. Similarly Mtb kills over 1 million people per year. 

The Limits of a Risk Assessment-Based Approach to Sustainability in the Chemical Industry and the Need for a New Paradigm Based on Precaution... 

The need for a rational approach to pharmacology has become very strong during these last years. Because of the chemical nature of the majority of drugs, which most frequently involve conjugated and saturated fragments and thus imply probably in their mechanism of action the intervention of their a and ir electrons, these compounds have for a long time evaded successful quantum-mechanical treatment. The advent of the all-valence electrons method opens up new vistas in this field. 

It is important at this point to address the need for a new paradigm that was not recognized in the early work of Atalla and VanderHart. The title of the early articles was still defined in terms of the classical approach to cellulose structure in that the two forms of cellulose, and 1,3, were referred to as two distinct crystalline forms. Note was not taken at that point of the rapidly developing evidence that the lateral dimensions of most native cellulose fibrils were very limited and that cellulose nanofibrils have an inherent tendency to develop a right-handed twist when cellulose chain molecules aggregate. While this important development had shed some light on the controversies associated with many of the prior interpretations of diffractometric characterizations of native celluloses, it had not yet provided conclusive evidence that the interpretations based on the symmetry of the P2i space group for crystalline cellulose cannot be valid for native celluloses. It was the acquisition of the Raman spectra of Tunicate and Valonia celluloses that provided the conclusive evidence. 

Steinberg et al. (1996) provided a definitive chapter on the TLC of nucleic acids and their derivatives including an extensive review of the pertinent literature. They stressed the need for a uniform approach to the TLC analysis of nucleic acids because such an approach would be helpful in making data comparisons. Their review included new technical information that they used successfully in their laboratory relative to the TLC of nucleic acids. Their procedures are especially useful in situations where expensive equipment is not available. They also stressed greater use of data quantification by methods described in the review. This chapter should be read by any chromatographer who intends to use TLC as a primary method of analysis for nucleic acids and their derivatives. 

The dismal results of past evaluation studies of driver education led the US National Transportation Safety Board to conclude in 2005 that although driver education has been available since the 1930s and, intuitively, should improve driving safety, in fact little consensus exists on the benefits of driver education and training, what it should entail, and how it should be delivered. (NTSB, 2005). There is obviously a need for a new approach to driver education. The GDL, as comprehensive as it may be, still must rely on some driver education. While it has provided insights into the importance of the component phases in the training, it has not specified the specific contents that the novice driver must learn and internalize. 

The design of a biorefmery requires the selection of the feedstock type and the valorization processes while keeping the cost low. AU these options introduce the need for a systematic approach for the design of the future biorefmery against haphazard or shortcut choices. The role of a systems approach is to screen chemistries and new processes and to select products and integration scenarios in order to reach a conclusion... 

The need for a pilot plant is a measure of the degree of uncertainty in developing a process from the research stage to a hiU commercial plant. A modification to a weU-known process may go directiy from basic research work to design of a commercial plant using this approach for a brand new process risks a significant failure. Hence, one or more intermediate size units are usually desirable to demonstrate process feasibiUty as well as to determine safe scale-up factors. 

There have been a number of attempts to achieve this objective, but so far the challenge has not been fully met. This Chapter will examine some of the conventional approaches and then go on to consider how recent developments in the use of the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) with DNA for the identification of species and individual organisms by DNA analysis, sometimes known as DNA Fingerprinting", have identified a yet unrealized need for a new dimension of certified reference materials. 

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