Blood flow measurements

Hagen T, Bartylla K, Piepgras U. Correlation of regional cerebral blood flow measured by stable xenon CT and perfusion MRI. J Comput Assist Tomogr 1999 23 257-264. 

Wintermark M, Reichhart M, Thiran JP, Maeder P, Chalaron M, Schnyder P, Bogous-slavsky J, MeuU R. Prognostic accuracy of cerebral blood flow measurement by perfusion computed tomography, at the time of emergency room admission, in acute stroke patients. Ann Neurol 2002 51 417-432. 

Noel X, Paternot J, Van der Linden M, Sferrazza R, Yerhas M, Hanak C, Kornreich C, Martin P, De Mol J, Pelc I and Verbanck P (2001). Correlation between inhibition, working memory, and delimited frontal area blood flow measured by the 99MTc-Bicisate SPECT in alcohol-dependent patients. Alcohol and Alcoholism, 36, 556-563. 

In addition to its content in the glomerular filtrate, the marker is secreted by the renal tubule. Its clearance rate is used to measure renal blood flow but it overestimates the GFR. The aniline derivatives,p-amino hippurate (PAH) or radiolabeled o-iodohippuxan (OIH), represent this group of renal markers. Note that PAH is partly filtered by the glomerular membrane, but molecules that are exclusively excreted by the renal tubules would be ideal for renal blood flow measurements. 

The choice of the radionuclide and the position of the labelling are generally determined by the chemical structure of the target molecule to label and the ease of introduction of the radionuclide from a chemical point of view. The physical half-life of the radionuclide should however match the timescale of the studied process. For example, in repeated blood flow measurements, oxygen-15 in the form of p Ojwater is ideal, while carbon-11 and especially fluorine-18 are preferable in the study of slower processes. 

Rauch, S.L., Jenike, M.A., Alpert, N.M., Baer, L., Breiter, H.C., Savage, C.R., and Fischman, A.J. (1994) Regional cerebral blood flow measured during symptom provocation in obsessive-compulsive disorder using oxygen 15-labeled carbon dioxide and positron emission tomography. Arch Gen Psychiatry 51 62-70. 

Volkow, N.D.. Mullani. N.. Gould. L., et ah Effects of acute alcohol intoxication on cerebral blood flow measured by PET. Psychiatry Res. 24(2), 201-209, 1988. 

Apart from echocardiography, another promising clinical application of synthetic microbubbles is the ultrasonic monitoring of local blood flow in the abdomen (analogous to the earlier use of gas microbubbles to monitor myocardial perfusion (ref. 443)). Such refined ultrasonic blood flow measurements, utilizing injected... 

Lindbjerg IF (1966) Leg muscle blood-flow measured with 133-xenon after ischaemia periods and after muscular exercise performed during ischaemia. Clin Sci, 30(3) 399-408. 

Bonnacrossi A, Dejana E, Qunintana A (1978) Organ blood flow measured with microspheres in the unanesthetized rat effects of three room temperatures. J Pharmacol Methods 1 321-328... 

Heymann MA, Payne BD, Hoffmann JIE, Rudolph AM (1977) Blood flow measurements with radionuclide-labeled particles. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 20 55-79 Hof RP, Wyler F, Stalder G (1980) Validation studies for the use of the microsphere method in cats and young minipigs. Basic Res Cardiol 75 747-756... 

Harbauer (1984) first described a venous model of thrombosis induced by mechanical injury and stenosis of the jugular vein. In a modification, both arterial and venous thrombosis is produced in rabbits by stenosis of the carotid artery and the jugular vein with simultaneous mechanical damage of the endothelium. This activates platelets and the coagulation system and leads to changes in the bloodstream pattern. As a consequence, occluding thrombi are formed as detected by blood flow measurement. The dominant role of platelets in this model is shown by the inhibitory effect of an antiplatelet serum in both types of vessels (Just 1986). The test is used to evaluate the antithrombotic capacity of compounds in an in vivo model of arterial and venous thrombosis where thrombus formation is highly dependent on platelet activation. 

TABLE 35.2. Comparative Blood Flow Measurements at the Ventral Abdomen and at the Thoracolumbar Junction in Five Species... 

Monteiro-Riviere, N. A., Bristol, D. G., Manning, T. O., and Riviere, J. E. Interspecies and interegional analysis of the comparative histological thickness and laser Doppler blood flow measurements at five cutaneous sites in nine species. J. Invest. Dermatol. 95,582-586, 1990. 

Dahl A, Russell D, Rootwelt KC et al (1995). Cerebral vasoreactivity assessed with transcranial Doppler and regional cerebral blood flow measurements dose serum concentration and time course of the response to acetazolamide. Stroke 26 2302-2306... 

In a study of NAPA hemodialysis kineticS/ blood flow measured through the dialyzer averaged 195 mL/min (12). When evaluated by paired t test this was significantly less than Qpk, which averaged 223 mL/min. However/ Qpk was similar to estimates of Qeff, which averaged 217 mL/min. In this case... 

Sharbrough, F. W., Messick, J. M., and Sundt, T. M., Jr., Correlation of continuous electrocephalograms with cerebral blood flow measurements during carotid endarterectomy, Stroke, 4, 674, 1973. 

Mathew RJ, Wilson WH, Turkington TG, Hawk TC, Coleman RE, DeGrado TR, Provenzale J (2002) Time course of tetrahydrocannabinol-induced changes in regional cerebral blood flow measured with positron emission tomography. Psychiatry Res 116 173-185... 

Raichle ME, Martin WR, Herscovitch P, Mintun MA, Markham J (1983) Brain blood flow measured with intravenous H2(15)O. IL Implementation and validation. J Nucl Med 24 790-798... 

Zeimer R, Khoobehi B, Peyman G, Niesman MR, Magin RL. Feasibility of blood flow measurement by externally controlled dye delivery. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1989 30 660-667. 

The kinetic parameters of Tc-ECD in the human brain have been compared with regional cerebral blood flow measurements with Xe SPECT (Devous et al. 1993) and with positron emission tomography (PET) (Tsuchida et al. 1992). The response of Tc-ECD, Tc-examethylpropylene amine oxime HMPAO and I-IMP (AT-isopro-pyl-p-[ I]-iodoamphetamine) to changes in cerebral blood flow was studied in primates (Dormehl et al. 1997). 

Dormehl, 1C, Oliver DW, Langen, K-J, Hugo N, Croft SA (1997) Technetium-99m-HMPAO, techne-tium-99m-ECD and iodine-123-lMP cerebral blood flow measurements with pharmacological interventions in primates. J Nucl Med 38 1897-1901 DuPont Merck Pharmaceutical (1995) Product monograph Neurolite, issued by DuPont Merck Pharmaceutical, Wilmington, Del. 

Tsuchida T, Yonekura Y, Sadato N, Iwasaki Y, Tamaki N, Konishi J, Fujita T, Matoba N, Nishizawa S, Magata Y (1992) Brain perfusion SPECT with [Tc-99m]-L,L-ethyl cysteinate dimer (ECD) in comparison with regional cerebral blood flow measured by PET underestimation in the high flow range. J Nucl Med 33(Abstr) 966... 

Nathanson SE and Jackson RT (1975) Blood flow measurements in skinfiaps. Arch Otolaryngol 101 354-357. 

Arteriovenous (AV) difference studies and mammary blood flow measurements (Chapter 1) have shown that in both ruminants and non-ruminants, amino acids for milk protein synthesis are obtained ultimately from blood plasma but that some interconversions occur. The amino acids can be divided into two major groups ... 

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