Respirable particulate matter

SOURCE APPORTIONMENT MODELS FOR THE ACETONE-SOLUBLE FRACTION OF RESPIRABLE PARTICULATE MATTER ... 

Vega, E., I. Garcia, D. Apam, M. E. Ruiz, and M. Barbiaux, Application of a Chemical Mass Balance Receptor Model to Respirable Particulate Matter in Mexico City, J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc., 47, 524-529 (1997). 

Fitz, D. R., G. J. Doyle, and J. N. Pitts, Jr., An Ultra-High Volume Sampler for the Multiple Filter Collection of Respirable Particulate Matter, J. Air Pollut. Control Assoc., 33, 877-879 (1983). 

Scheff P, Valiozis C (1990) Characterization and source identification of respirable particulate matter in Athens, Greece. Atmos Environ 24 203-211... 

Gupta P, Banerjee DK, Bhargava SK, et al. 1993. Prevalence of impared lung function in rubber manufacturing factory workers exposed to benzo(a)pyrene and respirable particulate matter. Indoor Environ 2 26-31. 

Gil L, Martinez V, Riquelme R, Ancic P, Gonzdlez G, Rodriguez L, Adonis M (2003) Occupational and environmental levels of mutagenic PAHs and respirable particulate matter associated with diesel exhaust in Santiago, Chile. J Occup Environ Med 45 984-992 Griefahn B, Brdde P, Marks A, Basner M (2008) Autonomic arousals related to traffic noise during sleep. Sleep 31 569-577... 

Silica sand is neutral and is compatible with all binders and normal cast alloys. The respirable particulate matter (RPM) fraction of quartz is classified by lARC as carcinogenic [233, lARC, 1997]. This is a health and safety issue. Studies are ongoing to determine whether or not an air pollution issue also exists. The amount of quartz in dust is defined by the content of quartz in the input materials. 

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Air and Radiation, National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) http //www.epa.gov/air/criteria.html (accessed October 13,2010). The Clean Air Act requires EPA to set National Ambient Air Quality Standards for pollutants considered harmful to public health and the environment. The EPA Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards (OAQPS) http //www.epa.gov/air/oaqps/ (accessed October 15, 2010) has set National Ambient Air Quality Standards for six principal pollutants (ground level ozone, lead, carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and respirable particulate matter), which are called criteria pollutants. 

Particulate Matter. - Exposure to respirable particulate matter of < 10 pm diameter (PMio) has been estimated to be responsible for 6% of all deaths in Europe and to contribute significantly to morbidity. The principal source of air-borne particulate material is combustion. Dellinger and colleagues have examined by EPR extracts from samples of fine particulates (PM2.5) collected from cities across the United States. They detected stable signals from semiquinone species, believed to be derived from polyaromatic hydrocarbons. Incubation of the extracts with DNA led to strand breakage, which was proposed to be due to reduction of oxygen to 02- by the semiquinones, followed by conversion to the OH radical. Diesel exhaust particles (DEP), which contain... 

Clarke RW, Hemenway DR, Frank R, Jakab GJ. Impairment of lung defenses following simultaneous exposure to respirable particulate matter and sulfur dioxide oeeurs at high, but not low, relative humidity. The Proceedings of The Society of Experimental Biology and Medicine, 1995 209 299. 

Because a filter sample includes particles both larger and smaller than those retained in the human respiratory system (see Chapter 7, Section III), other types of samplers are used which allow measurement of the size ranges of particles retained in the respiratory system. Some of these are called dichotomous samplers because they allow separate measurement of the respirable and nonrespirable fractions of the total. Size-selective samplers rely on impactors, miniature cyclones, and other means. The United States has selected the size fraction below an aerodynamic diameter of 10 /xm (PMiq) for compliance with the air quality standard for airborne particulate matter. 

Respirable particles Particulate matter of such a size that it can pass through the body defences and into the lungs, where, depending on its nature, it will either deposit itself or be exhaled. 

Reibman J, Hsu Y, Chen LC, Bleck B, Gordon T. Airway epithelial cells release MIP-3alpha/CCL20 in response to cytokines and ambient particulate matter. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2003 28(6) 648-654. 

In alkaline soils, the major components of the soil solution are Ni2+ and Ni(OH)+ in acidic soils the main solution species are Ni2+, NiS04, and NiHP04 (USPHS 1993). Atmospheric nickel exists mostly in the form of fine respirable particles less than 2 pm in diameter (NRCC 1981), usually suspended onto particulate matter (USEPA 1986). 

Walters, D.M., et al., Complement factor 3 mediates particulate matter-induced airway hyperresponsiveness, Am. J. Respir. Cell. Mol. Biol. 27,4, 413, 2002. 

Only 1.2% of the carbon of 2,4-D added to stream water was converted to organic particulate matter, the solids fraction in water containing the microbial cells. This lack of significant carbon assimilation may be a result of the inability of the microorganisms to obtain carbon and energy for biosynthetic purposes at these low concentrations, the immediate use of the carbon for respiration in order for the cells to maintain their viability (i. e., for maintenance energy), or the rapid decomposition and mineralization of the cells and their constituents. 

Dichlorobenzidine is not a volatile chemical. In the air, it may exist as dust particles or boimd to particulate matter. The absorption of 3,3 -dichlorobenzidine from such respirable particles into the body depends, in part, on the size of the particle. Large particles tend to deposit in the upper airways and are subsequently cleared by ciliary action with little absorption across limg tissues. However, the ciliary action transports the particles to the epiglottis where they are often swallowed, leading to gastrointestinal absorption. Smaller particles can penetrate more deeply into the respiratoiy tree, where 3,3 -dichloro-benzidine absorption may be significant. 

The relationship of particle size to molecular composition is highly significant. (2). Particles below 1-3 fun (submicron size class) in diameter are considered respirable by animals, in that this material can reach the lower alveoli of the lung. Particle size information may be used to determine the sources of various atmospheric pollutants. Particulate matter formed from gaseous pollutants tends to be found in the less than the 1-3 /nm particle diameter size range. Supermicron sized particles (particles greater than 1- 3 typically originate from primary emission sources, (i.e., stack emissions, vehicles, soil). 

The 2003 ACGIH threshold limit valuetime-weighted average (TLV-TWA) for particulate matter containing no asbestos and <1% crystalline silica is 3mg/m for respirable size fraction and lOmg/m for inhalable mass fraction. Exposure to any substance in the particulate mass that has a designated TLV should be controlled to that value. 

Weekly samples of respirable (j<3.5 pm A.D., 50% cut) suspended particulate matter were collected in New York City from January, 1978 through August, 1979. 

The average ambient concentrations of the cyclohexane-, di-chloromethane- and acetone-soluble organic fractions from January, 1978 to August, 1979 were 2.9 yg/m, 1.0 yg/m and 4.4 yg/m. Respirable suspended particulate matter averaged 30.3 yg/m. ... 

Source Apportionment Models for the Cyclohexane-Soluble Fraction of Respirable Suspended Particulate Matter. Stepwise multiple regression analysis was used to determine the coefficients of the source tracers for the models proposed for CYC in equations (7)-(9). These models are shown in Table IV. As expected from the factor analyses, the coefficient for V, accounting for the greatest proportion of the variance of CYC, was fitted first into the equation. Equation (14) was the simplest and the F value was slightly higher than for equations (15) and (16). In addition, as will be discussed later in this paper, the coefficient for PB was in reasonable agreement with the ratio of CYC /PB for samples collected in the Allegheny Tunnel. 

Multivariate source. apportionment models have been developed for two fractions of respirable particulate organic matter which together constitute about 90% of the total organic solvent-extractable mass. The independent variables used for developing the models were trace metals, water-soluble sulfate and meteorological variables. Two of the three POM fractions extracted sequentially with cyclohexane (CYC), dlchloromethane (DCM) and acetone (ACE) were used as individual dependent variables. 

---