Traffic noise

Recycled polymeric and rubber materials can have various potential applications some of which appear technically sound and economically attractive. Among the potential products of recycled rubber from vehicle tires, flat and ribbed panels made of aggregate of these materials have been considered by several manufacturers. It has been proposed that such panels equipped with waffle plates might be used in the vertical walls which would be installed along the highways to reduce the traffic noise. 

Figs. 11 to 13 illustrate the temperature dependence of strain at failure (in bending test), change in surface roughness with additional traffic exposure period, and skid resistance of the asphalt mixtures using powdered rubbers, respectively. The advantages of the asphalt mixtures are improvements in skid resistance and abrasion resistance, a reduction in traffic noise and a prevention effect of freezing. 

Cinolazepam was evaluated in a doubleblind placebo controlled trial in 20 normal subjects. The subjects were given either placebo or 40 mg cinolazepam orally 30 min before bedtime. A significant improvement in sleep maintenance was obtained with 40 mg cinolazepam, measured by sleep disruption using nocturnal traffic noise. Sleep architecture was only minimally affected, and sleep quality improved significantly (65). 

Babisch W (2006) Transportation noise and cardiovascular risk updated review and synthesis of epidemiological studies indicate that the evidence has increased. Noise Health 8 1-29 Babisch W (2008) Road traffic noise and cardiovascular risk. Noise Health 10 27-33 Bae H, Yang W, Chung M (2004) Indoor and outdoor concentrations of RSP, N02 and selected volatile organic compounds at 32 shoe stalls located near busy roadways in Seoul, Korea. Sci Total Environ 323 99-105... 

Barregard L, Bonde E, Ohrstrom E (2009) Risk of hypertension from exposure to road traffic noise in a population-based sample. Occup Environ Med 66 410-415 Barrowcliffe R, Newton A, Harrison R, Jones A (2002) Sources of particulate matter in urban areas TRAMAQ Project UG 250. Department for Transport, Environmental Resources Management, London... 

Beelen R, Hoek G, Houthuijs D, van den Brandt PA, Goldbohm RA, Fischer P, Schouten LJ, Armstrong B, Brunekreef B (2009) The joint association of air pollution and noise from road traffic with cardiovascular mentality in a cohort study. Occup Environ Med 66 243-250 Binkova B, Chvatalova I, Lnenickova Z, Milcova A, Tulupova E, Farmer PB, Sram RJ (2007) PAH-DNA adducts in environmentally exposed population in relation to metabolic and DNA repair gene polymorphisms. Mutat Res 620 49-61 Bjork J, Ardo J, Stroh E, Lovkvist H, Ostergren PO, Albin M (2006) Road traffic noise in southern Sweden and its relation to annoyance, disturbance of daily activities and health. Scand J Work Environ Health 32 392-401... 

Bodin T, Albin M, Ardo J, Stroh E, Osteigren PO, Bjork J (2009) Road traffic noise and hypertension results fiom a cross-sectional public health survey in southern Sweden. Environ Health 8 38... 

Davis ME, Smith TJ, Laden E, Hart JE, Blicharz AP, Reaser P, Garshick E (2007b) Driver exposure to combustion particles in the U.S. tracking industry. J Occup Environ Hyg 4 848-854 de Kluizenaar Y, Gansevoort RT, Miedema HM, de Jong PE (2007) Hypertension and road traffic noise exposure. J Occup Environ Med 49 484—492 De Sio S, Rosati MV, Cherubini E, Ciarrocca M, Baccolo TP, Grimaldi F, Caciari T, Tomao E, Tomei F (2005) Occupational exposure to urban pollutants and plasma insulin. Saudi Med J 26 416-420... 

Gil L, Martinez V, Riquelme R, Ancic P, Gonzdlez G, Rodriguez L, Adonis M (2003) Occupational and environmental levels of mutagenic PAHs and respirable particulate matter associated with diesel exhaust in Santiago, Chile. J Occup Environ Med 45 984-992 Griefahn B, Brdde P, Marks A, Basner M (2008) Autonomic arousals related to traffic noise during sleep. Sleep 31 569-577... 

Laden F, Hart JE, Smith TJ, Davis ME, Garshick E (2007) Cause-specific mortality in the unionized U.S. trucking industry. Environ Health Perspect 115 1192-1196 Leon Bluhm G, Berglind N, Nordling E, Rosenlund M (2007) Road traffic noise and hypertension. Occup Environ Med 64 122-126... 

Michaud DS, Keith SE, McMurchy D (2008) Annoyance and disturbance of daily activities from road traffic noise in Canada. J Acoust Soc Am 123 784—792 Michelozzi P, Forastiere F, Fusco D, Peducci CA, Ostro B, Ancona C, Pallotti G (1998) Air pollution and daily mortality in Rome, Italy. Occup Environ Med 55 605-610 Mills NL, Donaldson K, Hadoke PW, Boon NA, MacNee W, Cassee FR, Sandstrom T, Blomberg A, Newby DE (2009) Adverse cardiovascular effects of air pollution. Nat Clin Pract Cardiovasc Med 6 36-44... 

Selander J, Nilsson ME, Bluhm G, Rosenlund M, Lindqvist M, Nise G, Pershagen G (2009) Long-term exposure to road traffic noise and myocardial infarction. Epidemiology 20 272-279... 

Wagner J, Clk M, Maith E, Santner BL Gallasch E, Lackner A, Raggam RB (2010) Feasibility of testing three salivary stiess biomarkers in relation to naturalistic traffic noise exposure. Int J Hyg Environ Health 213 153—155... 

Work in a city office with continual traffic noise outside... 

Sound environment is evaluated mainly through the level of traffic noise and the level of ambient noise, which can be download from the website of environmental protection bureau. The traffic noise is statistic from the motor vehicles in the urban. The ambient noise is divided into 5 levels, the following is the table of ambient noise classification. 

The trapping of water within cracks, deep cracks (where bars are deep within the structure) and heavy traffic noise can complicate the accurate measurement of delamination for hammer techniques radar and infrared thermography. 

Considerable damage to the ecological system, water quality and aesthetics of the land are inevitable. The choice of the mode of transportation may be instrumental in dealing with pollution hazards. Bulk movement of coal by methods other than road is advantageous from both the economic and environmental standpoint. Transportation by road tends to create dust, increase traffic noise and congestion, and raises the risk of accidents and injuries. 

The European practice for surface course layer is to use BBTM and, when circumstances arise, such as ultimate reduction of traffic noise generated or maximising spray reduction, to use PA. If open-graded AC needs to be designed, CEN EN 13108-1 (2008) is used since it covers all types of AC mixtures. 

CEN EN ISO 11819-1. 2001. Acoustics - Measurement of the influence of road surfaces on traffic noise - Part 1 Statistical pass-by method. Brussels CEN. 

Traffic noise, which falls within the frequency range of 250 and 4,000 Hz (Lapcik 1998), has been a huge headache for the public, and the common practice to deal with it is to build concrete noise barriers along roads and highways. 

The study done by American Acoustical and Insulation Materials Association (1974) showed that these concrete barriers are of very high acoustic reflectivity (95 % and above) and of low sound absorption. This means that concrete barriers are not effective in controlling and reducing traffic noise (Campbell 2000). 

Placing noise reducers on the top of highway noise barriers is another way that aims to reduce traffic noise (Shono et al. 1994). Numerical and/or analytical studies have also been reported on the estimate of noise reduction effect (AlfredsOTi 1990 Tanaka et al. 1990). 

According to JCMS-IH [2003], such AE parameters as RA value and the average frequency Fa are defined to classify cracks as stated in Chapter 4. From these two parameters, traffic noises could be practically discriminated. In a buried water-pipeline, AE monitoring was conducted (Suzuki and Ohtsu 2004). Because the pipeline was located below road, traffic noises were often detected due to heavy vehicles. Consequently, AE monitoring was conducted when cars and trucks were passing. Results are sununarized in Fig. 9.2. 

AE events due to traffic noises are observed in the region where the average frequencies are low. In another test, the measuring system was turned off in each case of traffic passing, and then AE data detected were analyzed. Results are given in Fig. 9.3. 

Construction and Traffic Noise Control. Outdoor construction noise in cities is being contained by sound curtains, flexible noise-reducing curtains connected with Velcro seals, which enclose the job site. These curtains block exterior noise and absorb noise created within the curtains. Typically the curtains reduce noise by 10 to 15 dB. In the European Union, a large consortium of leading industries, named Euro Noise Control, has formed to address noise issues and offer solutions by manufecturing means of reducing noise in urban areas. 

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