Resource®/Source

Frese, L. (2002) Plant genetic resources - source of breeding progress.- Beitrage zur Zuchtungsforschung an Kulturpflanzen 8(1), 4-13. 

FIGURE F-l World fossil energy resources. SOURCE IPCC (2001b). 

FIGURE F-2 Annual production scenarios for the mean resource estimate showing sharp and rounded peaks, 1900-2125. Growth rate leading to either peak is 2 percent. Sharp peak occurs in 2037 followed by decline at reserve to production ratio of 10. Rounded peak occurs in 2030 followed by decline at 5 percent. U.S. volumes were added to the USGS (2000) foreign volumes estimate to obtain a world total of 3,000 billion barrels (mean value) of ultimately recoverable resources. SOURCE EIA (2000). 

Mono S, MiniBeads, RESOURCE, SOURCE, Superdex, Superose, HisTrap, HiLoad, HiPrep, INdEX, BPG, BioProcess, FineLINE, MabTrap, MAbAssistant, Multiphor, FPLC, PhastSystem and AKTA are trademarks of Amersham Pharmacia Biotech Limited or its subsidiaries. 

In a future hydrogen energy economy, the hydrogen will ultimately come from non-fossil fuel, although fossil fuels will provide a long-term transitional resource. Sources of renewable energies (wind, water, sun) are deemed sufficient to more than replace all fossil... 

System and system design concepts — system of systems sources of configuration (product-process-resource) sources of configuration (public policies) configuration problems configuration models —> configuration solutions... 

Fig. 16.3 State of world marine fishery resources. (Source FAO, 2005)...

Figure 3-9 includes some of the other factors that are not lead markets factors, but either support the lead market factors or they are the result of the lead market role of a market. For instance, supporting and related industries that are internationally competitive can support the export advantage and therefore the lead nuir-ket role of a country in an industry. Factor endowments such as physical resourc es and availability of capital can influence the lead market factors such as the factor price advantage. The availability of financial resources, sources of technical and market knowledge, can support the lead market factors, but they are mainly considered a result of the early adoption of an innovation by a market. In section 33 in particular I address the question of how national technical superiority is related to the lead market role of countries. Finally, chance is a determinant of many processes in the economy. As mentioned above (2.4), in models of technical choice under externalities historical accidents are considered mainly responsible for the outcome. Chance controls a basic invention based on serendipity (inven-tions-by-chance) and oil price shocks, war and political shifts. It can be expected that chance may play a role in the lead market processes as well. The lead market system is therefore not a deterministic theory. However, this thesis is predominantly about nation-specific attributes or national success factors that support the lead market function of a country as well. In this chapter I will describe these nation-specific lead factors. 

Several issues remain to be resolved. For one, it is not typically cost effective for large-scale production from renewable resources. Sourcing is a concern, and it is unclear whether there are sufficient biomass resources available to meet societal demands. The intermittency of biomass availability is also an issue. All of these aspects need to be considered in the evaluation of what may ultimately become the major source of chemicals and energy for the future. 

The World Wide Web is the main information source which combines many resources. 

Academic and other nonprofit institutions can get MM3 from qcpe.chem.indiana. edu. The commercial source is Tripos Inc., 1699 South Hanley Road, St. Louis, MO 63144. For resources on MM3 and MM4 see references 1-3 in Langley, C. H. and Allinger, N. L., J. Phys. Chem. 2003, 107, 5208-5216. 

Mobile Source Division, AlcoholEueled Vehicle Elect Test Program 9th Interim Report, Pub. ARB /MS-89-09, California Air Resources Board, El Monte, Calif., Nov. 1989. 

Because oil and gas ate not renewable resources, at some point in time alternative feedstocks will become attractive however, this point appears to be fat in the future. Of the alternatives, only biomass is a renewable resource (see Fuels frombiomass). The only chemical produced from biomass in commercial quantities at the present time is ethanol by fermentation. The cost of ethanol from biomass is not yet competitive with synthetically produced ethanol from ethylene. Ethanol (qv) can be converted into a number of petrochemical derivatives and could become a significant source. 

Resources for Potash Fertilizers. Potassium is the seventh most abundant element in the earth s cmst. The raw materials from which postash fertilizer is derived are principally bedded marine evaporite deposits, but other sources include surface and subsurface brines. Both underground and solution mining are used to recover evaporite deposits, and fractional crystallization (qv) is used for the brines. The potassium salts of marine evaporite deposits occur in beds in intervals of haUte [14762-51-7] NaCl, which also contains bedded anhydrite [7778-18-9], CaSO, and clay or shale. The K O content of such deposits varies widely (see Potassium compounds). 

World resources of sulfur have been summarized (110,111). Sources, ie, elemental deposits, natural gas, petroleum, pyrites, and nonferrous sulfides are expected to last only to the end of the twenty-first century at the world consumption rate of 55.6 x 10 t/yr of the 1990s. However, vast additional resources of sulfur, in the form of gypsum, could provide much further extension but would require high energy consumption for processing. 

Calcium. Calcium is the fifth most abundant element in the earth s cmst. There is no foreseeable lack of this resource as it is virtually unlimited. Primary sources of calcium are lime materials and gypsum, generally classified as soil amendments (see Calcium compounds). Among the more important calcium amendments are blast furnace slag, calcitic limestone, gypsum, hydrated lime, and precipitated lime. Fertilizers that carry calcium are calcium cyanamide, calcium nitrate, phosphate rock, and superphosphates. In addition, there are several organic carriers of calcium. Calcium is widely distributed in nature as calcium carbonate, chalk, marble, gypsum, fluorspar, phosphate rock, and other rocks and minerals. 

Other sources of energy worth noting are the extensive wind farms, solar projects, and related emerging unconventional technologies. These renewable resources provide only small quantities of energy to the U.S. economy as of this writing. 

Renewable carbon resources is a misnomer the earth s carbon is in a perpetual state of flux. Carbon is not consumed such that it is no longer available in any form. Reversible and irreversible chemical reactions occur in such a manner that the carbon cycle makes all forms of carbon, including fossil resources, renewable. It is simply a matter of time that makes one carbon from more renewable than another. If it is presumed that replacement does in fact occur, natural processes eventually will replenish depleted petroleum or natural gas deposits in several million years. Eixed carbon-containing materials that renew themselves often enough to make them continuously available in large quantities are needed to maintain and supplement energy suppHes biomass is a principal source of such carbon. 

As of this writing natural gas is a plentiful resource, and there has been a marked tendency not to use other fossil fuels as SNG sources. However, petroleum and oil shale (qv) have been the subject of extensive research efforts. These represent other sources of gaseous fuels and are worthy of mention here. 

Oil Shale. Oil shale (qv) is a sedimentary rock that contains organic matter, referred to as kerogen, and another natural resource of some consequence that could be exploited as a source of synthetic natural gas (67—69). However, as of this writing, oil shale has found Htde use as a source of substitute natural gas. 

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