Product-process-resource

Therefore, the ability of production processes, resources, structures, and layouts as well as their logistical and organizational concepts to adapt quickly and with minimum effort is a prerequisite for success in local and global production networks. This ability is necessary to cope with the continuous change and the turbulence surrounding production companies and is described as changeability. ... 

The primary catalysts for achieving configuration are the product-process-resource interactions. 

System and system design concepts — system of systems sources of configuration (product-process-resource) sources of configuration (public policies) configuration problems configuration models —> configuration solutions... 

Entity relationships, such as product, process, resource, organization, supplier, retailer, and customer... 

For both types of required flexibility, a common process description based on the product-process-resource concept (Pfrommer et al. 2013) is desirable. This description requires expressing in semantically well-defined and comparable ways, the concepts and relationships of (a) the needs for capabilities of production system components and devices (b) the component/device use conditions (access path and control) and (c) product-related processing requirements. 

To better understand the types of engineering data needed to describe a complex manufacturing plant, we start with the Product-Process-Resource abstraction explained in (Schleipen and Drath 2009). The three views of this abstraction are dominant, and of key interest for industry, as described in more detail next. 

Resource. Production resources are entities involved in production that provide functions to production processes. Resources include both hardware (e.g., robots, conveyors, machines) and software entities (SCADA systems), and are typically organized hierarchically into a plant topology. The properties of production resources are mostly their function capabilities (e.g., welding, transporting, and filing), mechanical information, electrical infOTmation, and control-related information in addition, further technical infonnation can be specified. 

Quality products are products that meet customer needs and expectations but, as has already been said, quality does not happen by chance. A quality system is the means by which organizations produce products that meet customer needs and expectations. Even if that system is not formalized, it is the combination of processes, resources, and organization that will deliver quality products. All ISO/TS 16949 does is define a minimum set of requirements which if met will enable an organization to satisfy its customers. It is a kind of framework for achieving product quality. 

Markets decide what energy resources shall be produced, how they shall be produced, and who will receive the benefits of the production processes. With millions of different activity options, and millions of individuals making individual and collective decisions, it is an ovenvhelniingly complex process. At the same time, it is usually very efficient because self-interested market players communicate through the price system. A self-interested rational individual will make decisions based on true preferences, and follow those preferences in a way that will provide the greatest satisfaction. Choices will be made under certain... 

The costs of an intervention have to be compared with the results of this intervention (Drummond et al. 2004). These results can be outputs, outcomes, and impacts (Fig. 2). An output is the direct result of a production process. Agents of production (resources) are transformed to generate a certain commodity or service (output). For instance, equipment, reagents, and the knowledge of a laboratory technician are used to perform a certain resistance test. Other examples of outputs are contacts, admissions, or prescriptions. 

Resource efficient syntheses and production processes of fine chemicals contribute significantly to sustainable development. This has also been pointed out in Agenda 21 Promote efficient use of materials and resources, taking into account the life cycles of products, in order to realize the economic and environmental benefits of using resources more efficiently and producing fewer wastes (Agenda 21, Chapter 9.18). 

Whenever an economic evaluation is made, past costs to develop the product process or markets should be ignored. These expenses have already been incurred. The object of an economic evaluation is to determine what is the best way to allocate a company s present and future resources. The stockholder wants to know how to obtain greatest profit at the smallest risk. To consider past expenditures would be equivalent to crying over spilt milk. 

STARCH. Starches are used as components and/or processing aids in the production of resources such as aluminum, paper, copper, water, and oil. The use of this natural polymeric material is based on its... 

In the life cycle phases of product manufacturing, the focus of resource efficiency moves from the material applied per unit to resources used in the various production phases, for example, cooling lubricants, compressed air or hydraulic oil and on the energy requirements of the production processes [24]. Process relevant information is based on equipment energy consumption curves. Each curve is specific to a production equipment item and enables an accurate determination of the energy consumption of the item over the production time. 

Another LCI-related issue is allocation. This is especially relevant to waste treatment options when waste is recycled or used to generate energy, there is a multi-output process which needs to be dealt with. The waste then is no longer considered a waste, but a resource, and waste treatment is becoming a production process as well. What part of the emissions to allocate to the waste treatment service and what part to the secondary material or other co-product is then open to debate. ISO allows for various options. Whether additives are even visible in such processes is, again, doubtful. 

There is a long-standing habit in the health economics literature of supporting the need to regulate health care services in market failures such as information asymmetries, complexity and uncertainty, indivisibilities and externalities. These imperfections are also present in the market of a resource that is very important in the health service production process pharmaceutical products. However, the pharmaceutical market also presents certain specific characteristics that are of particular importance and have been used as arguments in favour of the need to adopt public policies of price intervention and regulation. 

In production and logistics we find some typical objects Products, processes, BOMs, work flows, resources, shift models, lockups, departments/business units, locations, demands (anonymous, orders). Most of these objects are discrete in nature, for example orders and batches are typical discrete objects. All these objects can be used to group and attach information. Objects which are not discrete may be approximated by discrete quants. 

PP/DS focuses on determining an optimal production sequence on key resources. In PP/DS, a more detailed modeling than on the SNP planning level is chosen. This does not mean that all products and resources within a real-world production process need to be considered for PP/DS planning as nonplanning relevant products and resources can be excluded from the integration process between the ERP system and the planning system. 

This multistage production process can be characterized by the description of the material flows and the resource utilization for planning purposes (Fig. 12.4). 

---