Resin adhesives

Several vinyl monomers are used to prepare thermoplastics that are useful in certain adhesive applications. The most important vinyl resins for adhesives are polyvinyl acetate, polyvinyl acetals (butyral and formal), and polyvinyl alkyl ethers. PVC and copolymers of both vinyl chloride and vinyl acetate with other monomers, such as maleic acid esters, alkyl acrylates, maleic anhydride, and ethylene, are also used to produce solvent-based adhesives.  

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It is extensively used in the preparation of dyestuffs. Combines with diazonium salts to form oxyazo-colouring matters. Gives rise to fluorescein dyes on fusion with phthalic anhydride. Used for production of plasticizers, resins, adhesives. 

Epoxy Resins. The chemistry of epoxy resin adhesives is quite varied. However, the most widely used is that formed from the reaction of 4,4 -isopropyhdene diphenol (bisphenol A) [80-05-7] and epichlorohydrin [106-89-8] C H CIO. This epoxy resin is more commonly known as... 

Phenolic Resins. Phenohc resins (qv) are formed by the reaction of phenol [108-95-2] C H O, and formaldehyde [50-00-0] CH2O. If basic conditions and an excess of formaldehyde are used, the result is a resole phenohc resin, which will cure by itself Hberating water. If an acid catalyst and an excess of phenol are used, the result is a novolac phenohc resin, which is not self-curing. Novolac phenohc resins are typically formulated to contain a curing agent which is most often a material known as hexamethylenetetraamine [100-97-0] C H22N4. Phenohc resin adhesives are found in film or solution... 

Pentaerythritol in rosin ester form is used in hot-melt adhesive formulations, especially ethylene—vinyl acetate (EVA) copolymers, as a tackifier. Polyethers of pentaerythritol or trim ethyl ol eth an e are also used in EVA and polyurethane adhesives, which exhibit excellent bond strength and water resistance. The adhesives maybe available as EVA melts or dispersions (90,91) or as thixotropic, one-package, curable polyurethanes (92). Pentaerythritol spko ortho esters have been used in epoxy resin adhesives (93). The EVA adhesives are especially suitable for cellulose (paper, etc) bonding. 

Usage of phosphoms-based flame retardants for 1994 in the United States has been projected to be 150 million (168). The largest volume use maybe in plasticized vinyl. Other use areas for phosphoms flame retardants are flexible urethane foams, polyester resins and other thermoset resins, adhesives, textiles, polycarbonate—ABS blends, and some other thermoplastics. Development efforts are well advanced to find appHcations for phosphoms flame retardants, especially ammonium polyphosphate combinations, in polyolefins, and red phosphoms in nylons. Interest is strong in finding phosphoms-based alternatives to those halogen-containing systems which have encountered environmental opposition, especially in Europe. 

Catalysts. The alkanolamines continue to find use as blocked catalysts for textile resins, coatings resins, adhesives, etc. Of particular utifity in curing durable-press textiles is AMP-HCl. Other salts, such as those of the benzoin tosylate or A-toluenesulfonic acid, find utifity in melamine- or urea-based coatings (18) (see Amino resins and plastics). 

Urea resin adhesives, by the use of the proper hardener, may be set either by heat or at room temperature. For room temperature curing, the hardener may be ammonium chloride, together with basic materials like calcium phosphate to neutralize excess acid that might damage the wood. Cold set or room temperature set adhesives are those that set satisfactorily at 20 —30°C, whereas a hot set adhesive generally means one that is set above 99 °C. 

Adhesives (qv) used to make plywood are classified as either the exterior adhesive or the lesser quaHty interior adhesive. The terms relate to the abUity of the adhesive to survive exposure to moisture and weather. PhenoHc resins (qv) are commonly used as adhesives to make plywood. The difference between interior and exterior phenoHc resin adhesive is the filler level. Exterior rated plywood uses higher resin content adhesives. Interior rated plywood uses either highly extended (below 24% resin soHds) or protein-based adhesives. The adhesive is appHed to the veneer by roU coating, spraying, curtain coating, or foam extmsion. 

The chemical resistance of PTFE is exceptional. There are no solvents and it is attacked at room temperature only by molten alkali metals and in some cases by fluorine. Treatment with a solution of sodium metal in liquid ammonia will sufficiently alter the surface of a PTFE sample to enable it to be cemented to other materials using epoxide resin adhesives. 

Specification for synthetic resin adhesives for wood. Part 2 Close contact joints. British Standard BS 1204-1965, 1965. 

Material that holds parts together by surface attachment. Examples include glue, mucilage, paste and cement. Various forms of adhesives include liquid or tape adhesives (physical type) and silicate or resin adhesives (chemical type). 

Represents manufacturers, importers and distributors of chemicals, petrochemicals, resins, adhesives, sealants and plastic products in Australia and New Zealand. 

Antimonious acid H3Sb03 and its salts are less well characterized but a few meta-antimonites and polyantimonites are known, e.g. NaSb02, NaSb305.H20 and Na2Sb407. The oxide itself finds extensive use as a flame retardant in fabrics, paper, paints, plastics, epoxy resins, adhesives and rubbers. The scale of industrial use can be gauged from the US statistics which indicate an annual consumption of Sb203 of some 10000 tonnes in that country. 

It should be understood that the reported practices of polymer/additive analysis, being the focus of this book, equally well apply to additive analysis of rubbers, textile fibres, surface coatings, paints, resins, adhesives, paper and food, but specific product knowledge gives the edge. Both fresh and aged materials may be analysed, as well as those of both industrial and forensic origin. 

Aromatic amines formed from the reduction of azo colorants in toy products were analysed by means of HPLC-PDA [703], Drews et al. [704] have applied HPLC/ELSD and UV/VIS detection for quantifying SFE and ASE extracts of butyl stearate finish on various commercial yarns. From the calibrated ELSD response the total extract (finish and polyester trimer) is obtained and from the UV/VIS response the trimer only. Representative SFE-ELSD/UV finish analysis data compare satisfactorily to their corresponding SFE gravimetric weight recovery results. GC, HPLC and SEC are also used for characterisation of low-MW compounds (e.g. curing agents, plasticisers, by-products of curing reactions) in epoxy resin adhesives. 

A 14 kg batch of the mixture, mainly of boron and potassium nitrate, with a minority of the synthetic resin adhesive and solvent, exploded 5 min after blending had started. Several possibilities of a frictional initiation source were considered. 

Phenolic novolacs, 18 760-761 Phenolic resin adhesives, 18 783-784 Phenolic resin can coatings, 18 38 Phenolic resin composites, 18 792-794 Phenolic resin drying-oil varnishes, 18 783 Phenolic resin fibers, 18 797-798 mechanical properties of, 18 798 Phenolic resin foam, 18 795-796 Phenolic resin manufacturers, U.S., 18 774 Phenolic resin polymerization, 18 760-765 alkaline catalysts in, 18 762-765 neutral catalysts in, 18 761-762 strong-acid catalysts in, 18 760-761 Phenolic resin prepregs, 18 793 Phenolic resin production unit, 18 766 Phenolic resins, 10 409 18 754-755, 756-802 22 10 26 763 in abrasive materials, 18 786-787 in air and oil filters, 18 790 additional reactants in, 18 759 analytical methods for, 18 774-779 applications of, 18 781-798 batch processes for, 18 766 from biomass and biochemical processes, 18 769-770... 

Though animal glue was used as an adhesive for more than 3000 years but its commercial manufacture started only in 1808. Later on starch, casein and rubber based adhesives also came into use. After 1940, several synthetic resin adhesives have been developed. Polyacrylates are used commercially. 

After cleaning by abrasion and with solvents, the polyimides can be stuck with a poly-imide, epoxy or acrylic resin adhesive whose thermal resistance is compatible with the operating conditions. Preliminary tests are essential. 

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