Requirements for operation

Subsystems and components (e.g. combustion chambers, scrubbers, ash handling) that may contain more radioactivity than other subsystems should be separated from equipment and components requiring periodic maintenance, calibration and/or inspection. The amount of shielding required between the pieces of equipment will depend on the expected radiation levels. 

All manual valves and valve operators shall be located in areas readily accessible to operating personnel. If valves are installed in areas of high radiation or other hazards they should be provided with extended stems or equivalent devices allowing actuation from a lower radiation area. Handwheels and chain or extension handle operators should be located at a reasonable height above either the floor or a permanently installed platform to allow easy operation. Piping ducts and valves should be located and marked such that the operators can easily identify the flow paths. Pipes or ducts that cross the normal and safety pathways should be at least 2 m above the floor. 

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The gasification plant is equipped with two Texaco gasifiers, each capable of producing all of the synthesis gas required for operation of the complex. Eastman chose an entrained-bed gasification process for the Chemicals from Coal project because of three attractive features. The product gas composition using locally available coal is particularly suitable for production of the desired chemicals. Also, the process has excellent environmental performance and generates no Hquids or tars. EinaHy, the process can be operated at the elevated pressure required for the downstream chemical plants. 

Although metallic antimony may be handled freely without danger, it is recommended that direct skin contact with antimony and its alloys be avoided. Properly designed exhaust ventilation systems and/or approved respirators are required for operations that create dusts or fumes. As with other heavy metals, orderly housekeeping practice and good personal hygiene are necessary to prevent ingestion of (or exposure to) antimony. 

Practically, the NPSH required for operation without cavitation and vibration in the pump is somewhat greater than the theoretical. The actual (NPSH)r depends on the characteristics of the liquid, the total head, the pump speed, the capacity, and impeller design. Any suction condition which reduces (NPSH ) below that required to prevent cavitation at the desired capacity will produce an unsatisfactoiy installation and can lead to mechanical dimculty. 

The vacuum plate drwer is provided as pari of a closed system. The vacuum dryer has a cylindrical housing and is rated for fiill-vacuum operation (typical pressure range 3-27 kPa absolute). The exhaust vapor is evacuated try a vacuum pump and is passed through a condenser for solvent recovery. There is no purge-gas system required for operation under vacuum. Of special note in the vacuum-drying system... 

Include requirements for operators to visually check seal fluid reservoir levels on a regular basis in written operating procedures... 

The power consumed to operate a wet electrostatic precipitator is much less than that required by most other methods of control. There are four areas in which power is consumed (1) electrostatic power, (2) fan power, (3) insulator heating power, and (4) pump power. The total electrostatic power input required for operation is 0.8 to 1.0 kW/1,000 ft of collection area. A comparable piece of equipment is a venturi scrubber with 50-in.wg pressure drop. The power required for this installation would be 6 to 7 kW/1,000 cfm. This would mean that approximately seven times the power would be needed to achieve the same amount of cleaning with a venturi scrubber as opposed to using a precipitator. 

Equipment which can operate under a vacuum, either continuously or intermittently, must be designed to withstand vacuum conditions or otherwise be protected, in addition to any requirements for operation at positive pressure. Vacuum conditions must be specified. In some cases, this may include piping as well as vessels or other equipment. 

All other items which may be required for operation of the flare stacks shall be included into the supplier s scope. 

Initially, a system s hierarchy is identified for subsystems, sub-subsystems and so on to the components for which data must be found. The top event specifies system failure subsystems required for operation of the system in the mode specified are input to the top event s OR gate. Redundancy is represented by the redundant systems inputting an AND gate. This process of grouping subsystems under OR gates, if they can individually fail a function, or under AND gates if concurrent failures are necessary, is continued to the component or support system level until the tree is completed. This process grades the hierarchy from top to bottom, down the fault tree. 

It is unnecessary to remove invalid or obsolete documents if you provide staff with the means of determining the pertinent issues of documents to use. There are often valid reasons for retaining obsolete documents. What may be obsolete in one situation may not be obsolete in another. In simple terms an obsolete document is one which is no longer required for operational purposes. As stated earlier, there are cases where various issues of the same document may need to be used and in such cases none of the documents is obsolete. One may need to remove copies of previous versions of a document but retain the master for reference purposes. You cannot demonstrate to an assessor that you corrected a deficiency if you don t retain the version that contained the deficiency as well as the subsequent version. 

Documents that are no longer required for operational use. They may be useful as historic documents. 

The maintenance requirements for operation of the different types of refrigeration systems vary somewhat and should be evaluated along with the particular performance. 

Each compressor unit and condition has its own specific horsepower point or requirement for operation. However, the general characteristic shape will he about the same, and for a reasonable range of conditions, the general shape and effect of varying a particular condition can be relatively established even for gases of other k values. Of course, the curves can be recalculated and drawn for the particular gas under consideration. The peaks will be in about the same ratio. Note that Figures 12-26 and 12-27 were established using a bhp/MMCFD correction factor at a mean pressure of 200 psia for the lower compression ratios where this correction is required. ... 

Extracolumn dispersion is a major problem for the packed fused silica capillary columns with internal diameters less than 0.35 mm. Peak standeunl deviations will be in the submicroliter range and extensive equipment modification is required for operation under optimum conditions. A reasonable compromise is to esploy injection voluMs of a few hundred nanoliters or less with detector volumes of a similar or preferably smaller size. This demands considerable ingenuity on behalf of the analyst since, as... 

Be so constructed that any substances required for operation of the equipment, such as lubricants or coolants, do not contact drug products... 

Modifications of the conventional spinning drop tensiometer were required for operating at temperatures up to 200°C. Measurements carried out with heavy oil samples required the use of D20 instead of H20 to maintain a sufficient density difference between oil and water. For accurate measurements, considerable care must be used to ensure that heavy oil drops do not lag behind the rotation of the capillary tube in the tensiometer. Also, repeatability of measurements conducted with chemically ill-defined substances may be hampered by the inhomogeneity of the oil drops. 

AZ Permit requirement for operation of stationary source emitting >5 tons/year CELDS 1990a... 

ILLUSTRATION 10.5 DETERMINATION OF THE VOLUME REQUIREMENTS FOR OPERATION OF A TUBULAR REACTOR UNDER NONISOTHERMAL CONDITIONS WITH HEAT EXCHANGE... 

In Illustration 10.7 we will consider how to meet the vast majority of the heat transfer requirements for operation of a semibatch reactor by a semiautothermal mode of processing. By... 

The two patents described above were particularly important in the initiation of the developments of biodesulfurization catalysts. The bioreactor arrays required for operation and growth method constituted key elements in the following developments of the area, which would condition viability and successful path to industrialization. A sulfur bioavailability assay was incorporated into the screen for monitoring the sulfur uptake by the microorganisms, and the concept formed a claim in the patents [67,91], The objective... 

Real-time, low-level monitors (with alarm) are required for operations. In their absence, an Immediately Dangerous to Life and Health (IDLH) atmosphere must be presumed. Laboratory operations conducted in appropriately maintained and alarmed engineering controls require only periodic low-level monitoring. 

Pibemik R (2005) Advanced available-to-promise Classification, selected methods and requirements for operations and inventory management. International Journal of Production Economics 93-94 (1) 239-252... 

In addition, the bodies assessing the laboratories should comply with the general criteria for laboratory accreditation, such as those laid down in the ISO/IEC Guide 58 1993 Calibration and testing laboratory accreditation systems -General requirements for operation and recognition .13... 

INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION FOR STANDARDIZATION, Calibration and Testing Laboratory Accreditation Systems — General Requirements for Operation and Recognition — ISO/IEC Guide 58, Geneva, ISO, 1993. 

Once the four flow rate ratios are selected, two additional constraints are necessary to determine the values of the six design and process parameters required for operating an SMB. In particular, V, t and Qj,j = 1,..., 4 are wanted for the set up of the separation. The volume of the columns is normally a given one, especially if the plant is already in use, or it is selected based on productivity re-... 

Essential service pumps are required for operation and have an installed spare. A production loss will occur only if main and spare fail simultaneously. 

The process can agglomerate and remove particnlates smaller than 1, im only if a snfficient number of particulates are present to allow collisions between particulates in the aconstic field. Other potential disadvantages include the requirements for sound containment and the power requirement for operating the acoustic source. 

These matters have a bearing principally upon the nature of the concentration gradients maintained in the vessel and upon the power requirements for operation. Most of the available information, as explained above, has unfortunately been obtained without consideration of liquid extraction, and the data for the latter are extremely meager. 

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