Special notes

Minimum metal-hydroxide solubility or metal solubility at the solution pH of zero net charge can be approximated using the K of the metal-hydroxide pair with zero charge (M(OH)° Consider, 

Parentheses denote activity and brackets denote concentration of the species. The concentration of the Al(OH)3 species represents approximately the lowest possible solubility point of the mineral and it is the product of two constants (K -K ). Thus, its magnitude is not in any way related to pH. Mineral solubility increases as pH increases above the solution pH of zero net charge because of increasing complexa-tion effects, and mineral solubility also increases at pH values below the solution pH of zero net charge because of diminishing common-ion effects (Fig. 2A). All minerals are subject to the common-ion effect and many minerals are subject to the complexation or ion-pairing effect (Fig. 2B). 

Consider the mineral CaS04 2H20s. The common-ion effect can be demonstrated by expressing its solubility as 

Equation E shows that when SO2- activity (or concentration) increases (due perhaps to the addition of Na SO a very water-soluble salt), Ca2+ activity (or concentration) decreases. It appears from Equation E that a continuous increase in SO2- activity (or concentration) would suppress Ca2+ activity (or concentration) and would approach asymptotically zero. However, the latter does not occur because dissolved Ca (when under the influence of the common-ion effect) is controlled by the CaS04 pair. Consider 

The concentration of the CaSO° pair is the product of two constants (Arsp-Areq), and therefore, is independent of the common-ion effect (Fig. 2C). 

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The health and safety issues outlined herein for particleboard also apply to MDE. A special note should be made of the fact that, because the MDF raw material is of dry fiber base, there exists in MDF a large component of very small, broken, dust-like wood fibers. These contribute to the dust concerns in the manufacturing areas, requiring exceUent dust-control systems, good housekeeping, and personal protection. 

The basic methods for forming film or sheeting materials may be classified as follows melt extmsion, calendering, solution casting, and chemical regeneration. Of special note is the use of biaxial orientation as part of the critical manufacturing steps for many film and sheet products. 

Special note for the sixth edition At diis time, metric equivalents have not been provided for the allowable-stress tables of the piping code B31.3. Tliey may be computed by the following rela-tionsliips ( F - 32) x 9 = C Ibf/iir (stress) x 6.S9.5 x 10 = MPa. 

The vacuum plate drwer is provided as pari of a closed system. The vacuum dryer has a cylindrical housing and is rated for fiill-vacuum operation (typical pressure range 3-27 kPa absolute). The exhaust vapor is evacuated try a vacuum pump and is passed through a condenser for solvent recovery. There is no purge-gas system required for operation under vacuum. Of special note in the vacuum-drying system... 

Finally, the 1,3-dione systems prepared by Cram and Alberts deserve special note . These compounds, referred to as hexahosts are similar to the polymer-bound material illustrated as Compound 29 in Chap. 6. The synthesis is based on a methylene-bridged bis-dithiane unit. One of these may be cyclized with a polyethylene glycol, or more than one unit may be incorporated to give multiple 1,3-dione binding sites in the macrocycle. The former case is illustrated in Eq. (3.46). 

In other sections in this chapter, we have referred to a variety of macropolycyclic structures which are more elaborate than the simple three-stranded bicyclic cryptands. This includes bridged double-macrocycles " , in-out bicyclic amines and the macrotricyclic quaternary ammonium salts of Schmidtchen. In addition to these, there are two other types of compounds which deserve special note. The first of these is a stacked twin-ring cryptand, but it is a hybrid molecule rather than a double-cryptand . The species shown below as 20 is a crowned porphyrin, and was designed to provide a pair of metal cation binding sites similar to those which might be available in natural biological systems . 

In an effort to maximize economy of production and still retain clarity in presentation we have resorted to the extensive use of abbreviations in these tables. For the most part, these abbreviations should be self-explanatory and are decoded at the bottom of each page. Two less obvious abbreviations deserve special note. 

In this chapter the results of detailed research on the realistic electronic structure of single-walled CNT (SWCNT) are summarised with explicit consideration of carbon-carbon bond-alternation patterns accompanied by the metal-insulator transition inherent in low-dimensional materials including CNT. Moreover, recent selective topics of electronic structures of CNT are also described. Throughout this chapter the terminology "CNT stands for SWCNT unless specially noted. 

If only one set of polarization functions is used, an alternative notation in terms of is also widely used. The 6-31G=i basis is identical to 6-31G(d), and b-SlG ts is identical to 6-31G(d,p). A special note should be made for the 3-21G basis. The 3-21G basis is basiciy too small to support polarization functions (it becomes unbalanced). However, the 3-21G basis by itself performs poorly for hypervalent molecules, such as sulfoxides and sulfones. This can be substantially improved by adding a set of d-functions. The 3-2IG basis has only d-functions on second row elements (it is sometimes denoted 3-21G(=f=) to indicate this), and should not be considered a polarized basis. Rather, the addition of a set of d-functions should be considered an ad hoc repair of a known flaw. 

Special Note Nothing in this specification should be interpreted as indicating a preference by the committee for any material or process, nor as indicating equality between the various materials or processes. In the selection of materials and processes, the purchaser must be guided by his or her experience and by the service for which the pipe is intended. 

Special note should be taken of the influence of geometrical shape, where other than plain surfaces are involved. 

The provision of a separate oil cooler will reduce condenser load by the amount of heat lost to the oil and removed in the oil cooler. This is of special note with twin-screw compressors, where a high proportion of the compressor energy is taken away in the oil. This proportion varies with the exact method of oil cooling, and figures should be obtained from the compressor manufacturer for a particular application. 

We offer a special note of gratitude to the participants of a W.H. Freeman workshop on teaching general chemistry. Their insights provided much food for thought ... 

The editors hope that this book will be as enlightening and useful to the reader as the lecture series was to the participating audience. It is a great pleasure to thank our contributors and publisher for their excellent cooperation, without which this volume would not have been possible. A special note of grateful acknowledgment goes to Florence Forman and Debra H. Forman for their meticulous editorial assistance. 

It is worth taking special note of the MODE=INCLUDE option in the SYMBOL1 statement in Program 6.4. As stated in SAS Help and Documentation ... 

Special Note on Significant Figures Electronic calculators do not keep track of significant figures at all. The answers they yield most often have fewer or more digits than the number justified by the measurements. The student must keep track of the significant figures ... 

Special note for electronic calculator users To determine the negative of the logarithm of a quantity, enter the... 

As is the case for most research accomplishments of today, this work required the combined efforts of many people. The authors are indebted to these people and are grateful for the contributions that they have made. A special note of thanks to J. A. Wilson for his experimental assistance and to R. E. 

A subgroup of heterometallic Group 14 systems worthy of special note is those containing an E—Hg linkage. Complexes basically fall into two different categories, the first being simple (R3E)2Hg systems, and the second (R3E)HgX, where X can be either a halogen or a more complicated substituent. 

In the second instance, two approaches seem to be worthy of special note. The synthetic utility of elemental phosphorus based on it acting as a radical trap appears to be quite valuable, but additional effort is required to determine the variability of the source of the organic free radicals. (Is there some other, more efficacious, source of organic free radicals that works better with this system than acylated iV-hydroxy-2-pyridones ) The other approach that appears ripe for development is the hydrolysis/elimination with "phosphorates" derived from the oxidative addition of white phosphorus to alkenes. We look forward to the continued development of such facile approaches toward the preparation of fundamental phosphonic acids. 

In reactions of certain alkyl halides with salts of polynitromethanes, C-alkyla-tion can also be diminished and target O-nitronates can be prepared in satisfactory yields (21, 22) (Scheme 3.8, Eq. 2). Of special note is the study by Kim and Adolph (22), who prepared numerous nitronates by alkylation of salts of dinitromethane, cyanodinitromethane, and trinitromethane with a representative series of a-chloro-substituted (including functionalized) ethers. 

Little attention has been paid to systematic studies of spectral properties, X-ray structure, or thermodynamic aspects for these systems. Thus, little space is devoted to these subjects unless some feature warrants special note. On the contrary, synthesis and chemical reactivity of pyrrolo[l,2,4]triazines will be methodologically reviewed. 

Concerning the transformation of substituents, a special note should be made on a series of ring-closure reactions carried out on the side chain of some [l,2,4]triazolo[4,3-r]benzo[l,2,3]triazines published by Moustafa <2001SC97>. The results are summarized in Scheme 18. This scheme shows that by transformation of the R group attached to the sulfur atom of derivative 97 a fairly large set of cyclic products - involving thiazolidone 97a, [l,2,4]triazole 97b, coumarone and its imine 97c and 97d, respectively, benzoxazylpyrane, 97e, thiophene 97f, and cyclopenta- or cyclohexa-fused protected pyrone 97g substituents - have been obtained. 

In reviewing Herman Mark s early years and rise to prominence as a physical scientist the author wishes to make special note of the use of an earlier profile of Prof. Mark by Morton M. Hunt (18), a special issue of Chemie Kunststoffe Aktuell (19), and two taped interview sessions with Prof. Mark (20, 21, 22). A special thanks is given to Ms. Jeanne Strauss, Phillips Petroleum Co., for her patience in clarifying a great deal of German for the author. 

The change which arylhydroxylamines undergo by the action of mineral acids, especially when warm, is worthy of special note. If the position para to the NHOH-group is free, a rearrangement takes place to the isomeric p-aminophenol, e.g. in the case of phenylhydroxylamine according to the equation ... 

Special note Be careful There is nothing special about the letters a, b and c. A test question could be tricky and could call one of the legs c. ... 

Anhydrous calcium(ll) bromide was purchased from Cerac, Inc. Commercially available reagents were used as received unless specially noted. 

The case of copper is also worthy of special note because several investigations have indicated that while interindividual variations in... 

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