Risk assessments comparative

In order to achieve that an environmental fate model is successfully applied in a screening level risk assessment and ultimately incorporated into the decisionmaking tools, the model should have computational efficiency and modest data input. Moreover, the model should incorporate all relevant compartments and all sources of contamination and should consider the most important mechanisms of fate and transport. Although spatial models describe the environment more accurately, such models are difficult to apply because they require a large amount of input data (e.g., detailed terrain parameters, meteorological data, turbulence characteristics and other related parameters). Therefore, MCMs are more practical, especially for long-term environmental impact evaluation, because of their modest data requirements and relatively simple yet comprehensive model structure. In addition, MCMs are also widely used for the comparative risk assessment of new and existing chemicals [28-33]. 

Substitution in 98/8/EC is maintained indirectly though the application of comparative risk assessment, which is mandated in Article 10 of the directive. In order to include active substances in Annex I, lA or IB, several requirements have to be fulfilled. For example, active substances cannot be incorporated in the list if they are carcinogenic, mutagenic, toxic for reproduction, sensitising or bioaccumulative. 

The general goal of this chapter is to outline a consistent approach for conducting mixture risk assessments that is in line with the IRA approach and builds upon the best of the science and current practices in the respective fields of human and ecological risk assessment. It starts by comparing risk assessment of single substances with mixtures in order to identify the key features of mixture assessments. Subsequently, the current scientific state of the art in human mixture assessment is described, followed by the scientific state of the art in ecological mixture assessment. Both... 

Bennett, D. H., et al. (2002) Intake fraction for multimedia pollutants a tool for life cycle analysis and comparative risk assessment. Risk Analysis 22 905-918. 

Because products assessed in a LCA are often characterised quantitatively in terms of function, comparisons can be made of product lifetime or durability and efficiency. For example, one paint may have greater covering power than the other or one paint may be more durable. In some cases, product performance can be an important variable for determining chemical exposure during the various stages of the product s lifecycle, thereby having implications to risks. Comparative risk assessments between two or more products or processes may therefore also be done on a functional unit basis. 

Sorensen, B. (1982). Comparative risk assessment of total energy systems. In "Health Impacts of Different Sources of Energy", pp. 455-471. Report IAEA-SM-254/105, Int. Atomic Energy Agerncy, Vierma. 

Research is needed to explore the impacts of nanomaterials and nanomaterial production on the environment and public health. One framework for assessing these impacts is that of comparative risk assessment. Applied to an assessment of the production, use, and disposal of nanomaterials, a risk assessment typically considers both the potential for exposure to a given material and (once exposed) potential impacts such as toxicity or mutagenicity. The need to elucidate both of these components of risk in assessing the consequences of nanomaterials on the environment and public health is essential. 

Comparative risk assessment is the comparison of potential risks associated with a variety of activities and situations so that a specific action can be placed in perspective with other risks. An attempt is often made, for example, to compare an individual s risk of death or cancer from exposure to a hazardous waste site with that associated with traveling in an automobile or eating a peanut butter sandwich (both of these latter events have relatively high risks but are perceived by the public to have a relatively low risk when compared to the risk of a hazardous waste site). 

The capability to use RADTRAN was subsequently demonstrated through a comparative risk assessment of two hypothetical versions of a campaign to transform the surplus weapons-grade plutonium currently stored at the DOE s Pantex site (near Amarillo) into mixed-oxide fuel, and ship it to a reactor site for utilization. In one of these hypothetical campaigns, the conversion and fabrication were performed on-site at Pantex, whereas in the second version the plutonium pits were shipped from Pantex to an intermediate site for conversion into oxide form and fabrication into fuel. The interested reader is referred to [14] for the results of this assessment. 

S.S. Lim et al., A comparative risk assessment of burden of disease and injury attributable to 67 risk factors and risk factor clusters in 21 regions, 1990-2010 a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2010, Lancet 380, 2224—2260 (2012)... 

Because models are often updated or replaced, it is difficult to compare risk assessments of different vintage. Models of varying technical sophistication have been used to predict radionuclide release and behavior. 

Subtask A Activity 2 produced Comparative Risk Assessment Studies (f Hydrogen and Hydrocarbon Fading Stations... 

It should be guiding and produce comparable risk assessment both for authorities and enterprises. (Employer representative)... 

Danaei G, Vander HS, Lopez AD, Murray CJ, Ezzati M (2005) Causes of cancer in the world comparative risk assessment of nine behavioural and environmental risk factors. Lancet 366 1784 Boik J (2001) Natural compounds in cancer therapy, printed in USA, p 1 Hansel R, Kartarahardja M, Huang JT, Bohlmann E (1980) Sesquiterpen lacton-d-glucopyranoside sowie ein neues Eudesmanolid aus Taraxacum officinale. Phytochemistry 19 857... 

Reddy, M., Borum, R., Berglund, J., Vossekuil, B., Fein, R., and Modzeleski, W. (2001). Evaluating risk for targeted violence in schools Comparing risk assessment, threat assessment and other approaches. Psychology in the Schools, 38,157-172. 

The comparable risk assessment process was also successfully applied (pre and post implementation of the mitigation) and the results of it used in the safety case arguments as detailed later. 

Burgherr, P., Eckle, P. Hirschberg, S. 2014 Comparative risk assessment of severe accidents in the energy sector based on the ENSAD database 20 years of experience. IN Steenbergen, R.D.J.M., Van Gelder, P.H.A.J.M., Miraglia, S. Vrouwenvelder, A.C.W.M. (Eds.) Safety, Reliability and Risk Analysis Beyond the Horizon. London (UK), Taylor Francis Group. 

Burgherr, P. Flirschberg, S. 2014 Comparative risk assessment of severe accidents in the energy sector. Energy Policy, (in press, available online). 

The potential physical and cyber-related consequences of any incident, including terrorist attacks and natnral or hnman-made disasters, are the first factors to be considered in risk assessment. In the context of the NIPP Base Plan, consequence is measured as the range of loss or damage that can be expected. The consequences that are considered for the national-level comparative risk assessment are based on the criteria set forth in Homeland Security Presidential Directive No. 7 of 2003 (HSPD-7). These criteria can be divided into four main categories (NIPP, 2011) ... 

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