Parameters related to the cavitation zone

For flow systems, the strength and size of the cavitating zone should be optimized so that it matches the flow rate into the system. Care should be taken to find the best frequency for both homogeneous and heterogeneous reactions. A particular problem with heterogeneous systems is that it is necessary to ensure 

63 Cum. G. Galli, G. Gallo, R. Spadaro, A. /. Phys. Chem. Perkin Trans. 21988, 375-383. 

When using a probe system it is necessary to locate the solid reagents at an optimal position. A probe placed too close to the bottom of the reactor will inhibit good transmission of the vibrations and the continuous renewal of the surrounding reaction products or solids. The case of reactors immersed in ultrasonic baths (the level of the solvent, the position of the reactor in the bath, the shape of the reactor , e.g., round- or flat-bottom flask) was referred to above. 

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The three conclusions which may be drawn are that (1) for optimal efficiency it is not necessary to apply too much power intensity (2) the degradation rate is directly dependent on the power density but not the sound intensity and (3) although the efficiency factor defined by the number of molecules degraded per unit of energy input into the system was 30-fold higher, the rate constant was increased by only a factor of 2.3. This shows that the total degradation is not driven solely by the oxidative process. 

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