Construction technique

Both electronic and microcomputer-based controls require information about the state of the controlled system. Sensors convert different physical variables into an electric signal that is conditioned and typically converted to a digital signal to be used in microcontrollers. The trend in the construction techniques of modern sensors is the use of silicon microstrnctures because of the good performance and the low cost of this type of device. In the energy control scope the main quantities to be measured are the temperature, pressure, flow, light intensity, humidity (RH), and the electric quantities of voltage and current. 

Flatness is of critical importance to some sections of industrial operations such as VNA (very narrow aisle) high rack warehouses or automatic guided vehicles. The degree of flatness achieved is dependent on construction techniques, workmanship and supervision. 

Advances in materials and new container construction techniques are usually evaluated with one- or two-year test packs. The time required to prove performance of new materials or container constructions slows development programs. However, several laboratory techniques are available which provide a reasonable estimate of container performance. 

The sanitary landfill, the most acceptable alternative to the present poor practices of land disposal, involves the long-term planning and application of sound engineering principles and construction techniques. By definition, no burning of solid waste will ever occur at a sanitary landfill. A sanitary landfill is not only an acceptable and economic method of solid waste disposal, it is also an excellent way to make otherwise unsuitable or marginal land valuable.1... 

Growing concern about the risks posed by indoor radon has underscored the need for dependable radon-resistant residential construction techniques. In response to this public health exposure, the U.S. EPA has developed and demonstrated a variety of methods that have been used to reduce radon levels in existing homes.2,8 Many of these methods could be applied during construction, involve less labor and financial investments, and provide greater homeowner satisfaction and safety than would a radon-reduction technique installed after the home is built and occupied. 

FIGURE 31.1 Radon decay showing half-lives of products. (Adapted from U.S. EPA, Radon-Resistant Construction Techniques for New Residential Construction—Technical Guidance, EPA/625/2-91/032, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, February 1991.)... 

The question most often asked by homebuilders is Can one determine whether radon-resistant construction techniques should be applied to a given site ... 

U.S. EPA does not recommend the avoidance of building sites that are suspected to contain strong radon it does, however, strongly recommend that the homes built on those sites be designed and built with radon-resistant construction techniques.9... 

The following sections contain recommended radon-resistant construction techniques that a builder may wish to incorporate into the home. It should be understood that these are recommendations only and should not be construed as guidelines or regulations. The recommendations are based on the best available information gathered from numerous research projects.9... 

Regen and Watanabe [158] fabricated multi-layers close to a thickness of 800 A by using fourth or sixth generation PAM AM dendrimers with 16 or 12 cycles, respectively. The construction techniques involved activation with K2PtCl4 on a silicon wafer containing amino groups on the surface, which was followed by deposition of the dendrimer layer. However, elimination of Pt2+ layer resulted in absence of layer growth, as examined by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. 

Figure 11-5 reveals two low-noise construction techniques, as applied to a typical flyback transformer. We should compare the right-hand electrical schematic with its equivalent winding version to the left. In the discussion below, we note that though transformers with split windings are not being explicitly discussed here, the same principles can be easily extended and applied to them, too. Here are some observations ... 

In 1967, the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) issued NFPA 493-1967 which defined specific tests and construction techniques to be employed. Today, the current standard is NFPA 493-1978. 

Subsequent sections discuss in detail the individual modeling constructs, techniques for factoring and composing models and designs, and process guidelines. 

Advanced construction techniques would make the SPS concept more economical and could make a ground-based system more economical. Many SPS plans are based on building the framework with automated machinery supplied with raw materials, typically aluminium. Such a system could also be used for Earth stations. 

Several recovery scenarios were considered for remediation. Initially, construction of a narrow, permeable trench parallel to the canal appeared to be an appropriate interception system. The construction technique considered was use of a specially designed deep trenching unit. This type of trench would have included a tile drain leading to a single two-pump recovery well. However, a review of the subsurface site plans and interviews with long-term employees determined that an unknown number of buried pipes traverse the area intended for the trench construction. Disruption of refining operations and safety considerations resulted in rejection of this option. 

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