Reactive oxygen species and

Halliwell, B. (1992). Reactive oxygen species and the central nervous system. /. Neurochem. 59, 1609-1623. 

In the interstitium, angiotensin II induces proliferation of mesangial cells and fibroblasts and the synthesis of collagen and other matrix molecules by these cells via the ATI receptor. Moreover, by the concomitant stimulation of chemoattractant cytokines, inflammation is induced. These processes are mediated by endothelin, transforming growth factor(3, and reactive oxygen species, and finally lead to interstitial fibrosis and glomerulosclerosis observed in hypertension and diabetes. 

This cytoplasmic protein is phosphorylated by an IKK complex which is activated by cytokines, reactive oxygen species, and mitogens. Phosphorylated IkB can be ubiquitinylated and degraded, thus releasing its hold on NF-kB. Glucocorticoids affect many steps in this process, as described in the text. 

Ushio-Fukai M, Nakamura Y (2008) Reactive oxygen species and angiogenesis NADPH oxidase as target for cancer therapy. Cancer Lett 266 37-52 Valentin A, Rosati M, Patenaude DJ, Hatzakis A, Kostrikis LG, Lazanas M (2002) Persistent HIV-1 infection of natural killer cells in patients receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 99(10) 7015-7020... 

Hu, C. et al., Black rice (Oryza sativa L. indica) pigmented fraction suppresses both reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide in chemical and biological model systems, J. Agric. Food Chem., 51, 5271, 2003. 

Taking into account all of the abovementioned studies, one is compelled by the evidence to conclude that, at least under conditions of ischaemia/reperfiision, the brain certainly has the capacity to generate reactive oxygen species and that these reactive oxygen species are likely to play an important role in the pathology that results from... 

Ranadive, N.S. and Menon, I.A. (1986). Role of reactive oxygen species and free radicals from melanins in photoin-duced cutaneous inflammation. Pathol. Immunopathol. Res. 5, 118-139. 

Barnes, P.J. (1990). Reactive oxygen species and airway inflammation. Free Rad. Biol. Med. 9, 235-243. 

Palmer, H.J. and Paulson, K.E. 1997. Reactive oxygen species and antioxidants in signal transduction and gene expression. Nutr Rev 55 353-361. 

Berman, S.B., Zigmond, M.J., Hastings, T.G. Modification of dopamine transporter function effect of reactive oxygen species and dopamine. J. Neurochem. 67 593, 1996. 

That the oxidative burst is directly involved in the chemical defense of these algae is clear. This reaction can be inhibited by diphenyleneiodonium, a suicide inhibitor of NADPH-oxidase which suppresses both the production of reactive oxygen species and the natural resistance to epiphytic bacteria. In addition a role in the defense against endophytes was indicated, since pre-treatment with oligomeric guluronates resulted in decreased infection of L. digitata with the pathogen Laminariocolax tomentosoides [141]. 

Roshchina, V.V., Miller, A.V., Safronova, V.G. and Karnaukhov, V.N. (2003). Reactive oxygen species and luminescence of intact cells of microspores. Biophysics (Russia) 48 259-264. 

Jiang, M. and Zhang, J. (2002). Water stress-induced abscisic acid accumulation triggers the increased generation of reactive oxygen species and up-regulates the activities of antioxidant enzymes in maize leaves. Journal of Experimental Botany 53 2401-2410. 

The antioxidant system in humans is a complex network composed by several enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidants. In addition to being an antioxidant, lycopene also exerts indirect antioxidant properties by inducing the production of cellular enzymes such as superoxide dismutase, glutathione S-transferase, and quinone reductase that also protect cells from reactive oxygen species and other electrophilic molecules (Goo and others 2007). 

Botrytis cinerea is responsible for gray mold disease in more than 200 host plants. This necrotrophic fungus displays the capacity to kill host cells through the production of toxins and reactive oxygen species and the induction of a plant-produced oxidative burst. Thanks to an arsenal of degrading enzymes, B. cinerea is then able to feed on various plant tissues (Choquer and others 2007). 

As the superoxide radical is a precursor of the other reactive oxygen species and interacts with blood plasma components under physiological and pathological conditions as well, systems related to its generation are biologically relevant. It should be noted, however, that with respect to the initiation of lipid peroxidation as one of the main causes of oxidative cell damage, its own reactivity is very weak and that only in protonized form is its toxicity comparable to that of lipid peroxyl radicals [18]. 

Colquhoun and Schumacher [98] have shown that y-linolcnic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid, which inhibit Walker tumor growth in vivo, decreased proliferation and apoptotic index in these cells. Development of apoptosis was characterized by the enhancement of the formation of reactive oxygen species and products of lipid peroxidation and was accompanied by a decrease in the activities of mitochondrial complexes I, III, and IV, and the release of cytochrome c and caspase 3-like activation of DNA fragmentation. Earlier, a similar apoptotic mechanism of antitumor activity has been shown for the flavonoid quercetin [99], Kamp et al. [100] suggested that the asbestos-induced apoptosis in alveolar epithelial cells was mediated by iron-derived oxygen species, although authors did not hypothesize about the nature of these species (hydroxyl radicals, hydrogen peroxide, or iron complexes ). 

Mature males given weekly intraperitoneal injections of 20 or 50 mg Pb/kg BW as lead acetate for 6 weeks vs. 20 or 50 mg sodium acetate/kg BW as controls Dose-dependent increases in blood and sperm lead concentrations. Serum testosterone levels reduced in lead-exposed rats, possibly from generation of reactive oxygen species, and resulting in premature acrosome reaction and reduced sperm oocyte-penetrating capability 39... 

Ascorbic acid [71] and vitamin E [72] are powerful scavengers of reactive oxygen species and are known to enhance the sensitivity of vascular tissue to organic nitrates. Also the local concentration of NO due to administration of GTN is greatly enhanced by hypoxia [73]. 

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