Complex networks

For more complex network designs, especially those involving many constraints, mixed equipment specifications, etc., design methods based on the optimization of a reducible structure can be used. 

Bax A and Freeman R 1981 Investigation of complex networks of spin-spin coupling by two-dimensional NMR J. Magn. Reson. 44 542-61... 

The human brain is comprised of many millions of interconnected units, known individually as biological neurons. Each neuron consists of a cell to which is attached several dendrites (inputs) and a single axon (output). The axon connects to many other neurons via connection points called synapses. A synapse produces a chemical reaction in response to an input. The biological neuron fires if the sum of the synaptic reactions is sufficiently large. The brain is a complex network of sensory and motor neurons that provide a human being with the capacity to remember, think, learn and reason. 

We may begin by describing any porous medium as a solid matter containing many holes or pores, which collectively constitute an array of tortuous passages. Refer to Figure 1 for an example. The number of holes or pores is sufficiently great that a volume average is needed to estimate pertinent properties. Pores that occupy a definite fraction of the bulk volume constitute a complex network of voids. The maimer in which holes or pores are embedded, the extent of their interconnection, and their location, size and shape characterize the porous medium. 

An electric power system involves the production and transportation of electrical energy from generating facilities to energy-consuming customers. This is accomplished through a complex network of transmission lines, switching and transformer stations. 

The two rivers meet in the area between the cities of Sacramento and Stockton to form the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta, hereafter referred to as the Delta (Fig. 1). The Delta is a complex network of intercoimected canals, river channels, sloughs, marshes, and subsided islands. The area of the Delta is 2,880 km. Approximately half-million people live in the Delta and agriculture is the primary economic activity with annual gross value at about two billion US dollars. Tourism is the second largest economic activity with 12 million visitors annually. The Delta also... 

Perez et al. [128] investigated the crystal structure of 4-(4 -ethoxybezoy-loxy)-2-butoxy-4 -(4-butoxysalicylaldimine)azobenzene. This compound contains four rings in the main core and a lateral alkoxy branch on one of the inner rings. The lateral butoxy chain is nearly perpendicular to the long axis of the main core. This molecular conformation induces the molecules to make a very complex network in the solid. The crystal cohesion is due to van der Waals interactions. The change of the lateral chain conformation in the solid and nematic phases is discussed. 

Ahn SY, Cho CH, Park KG, Lee HI, Lee S, Park SK, Lee IK, Koh GY (2004) Tumor necrosis factor-alpha induces fractaUdne expression preferentially in arterial endothelial cells and mithramycin A suppresses TNF-alpha-induced fractaUdne expression. Am J Pathol 164 1663-1672 Alfano M, Schmidtmayerova H, Amelia CA, Pushkarsky T, Bukrinsky M (1999) The B-oligomer of pertussis toxin deactivates CC chemokine receptor 5 and blocks entry of M-tropic HIV-1 strains, [see comments]. J Exp Med 190 597-605 Ambrosini E, Alois F (2004) Chemokines and glial cells a complex network in the central nervous system. [Review] [239 refs]. Neurochem Res 29 1017-1038 Azuma Y, Ohura K (2002) Endomorphins 1 and 2 inhibit IL-10 and IL-12 production and innate immune functions, and potentiate NE-kappaB DNA binding in THP-1 differentiated to macrophagelike cells. Scand J Immunol 56 260-269... 

Figure 8.8 The metabolic pathway(s) for noradrenaline. MAO is responsible for the oxidative deamination of noradrenaline derivatives while COMT 0-methylates noradrenaline. Most intraneuronal metabolism involves MAO while COMT is mainly found extraneuronally. However, both these enz5unes can act on each other s products, yielding a complex cocktail of metabolites. The reasons for this complex network of metabolites are not known...

Hurst J.L. (1989). The complex network of olfactory communication in populations of wild house mice Mus domesticus urine marking and investigation within family groups. Anim Behav 37, 705-725. 

Kinter A, Arthos J, Cicala C, Fauci AS. Chemokines, cytokines and HIV a complex network of interactions that influence HIV pathogenesis. Immunol Rev 2000 177 88-98. 

Fantuzzi L, Belardelli F, Gessani S. Monocyte/macrophage-derived CC chemokines and their modulation by HIV-1 and cytokines a complex network of interactions influencing viral replication and AIDS pathogenesis. J Leukoc Biol 2003 74(5) 719-725. 

For complex networks a more general expression is needed to determine the minimum number of exchangers ... 

A highly complex network of arteries, arterioles, and capillaries penetrates the dermis from below and extends up to the surface of, but not actually into, the epidermis. A matching venous system siphons the blood and returns it to the central circulation. Blood flow through the vasculature is linked to the production and movement of lymph through a complementary dermal lymphatic system. The dermis is laced with tactile, thermal, and pain sensors. 

Cellular activities are mediated by complex networks of interactions in response to physiological signals, and the nature of the response is dependent on the cell type and states. These aspects cannot be accounted for by investigating at the genomic or transcriptomic levels alone, as genomes and transcriptomes are fairly conserved between cell states and types within a system. 

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