Chemoattractant cytokines

In the interstitium, angiotensin II induces proliferation of mesangial cells and fibroblasts and the synthesis of collagen and other matrix molecules by these cells via the ATI receptor. Moreover, by the concomitant stimulation of chemoattractant cytokines, inflammation is induced. These processes are mediated by endothelin, transforming growth factor(3, and reactive oxygen species, and finally lead to interstitial fibrosis and glomerulosclerosis observed in hypertension and diabetes. 

Chemokines, a superfamily of small (8 to 14 kd) chemoattractant cytokines, were originally identified by their capacity to mediate gradient-dependent cell migration, accompanied by Ca2+ flux, in vitro. Sequence homology of mammal, bird, and fish chemokines indicates that this family of proteins is highly conserved throughout evolution. Chemokines are multifunctional molecules with a vast repertoire of specialized functions in different organs. Broadly, chemokine actions are associated with cell adhesion, cytokine secretion, cellular... 

Chemoattractant cytokines soluble factors that induce chemotaxis of lymphocytes. 

Lim, K., Wan, H., Resnick, M., Wong, D., Cruikshank, WL, Center, D. and Weller, P. (1995). Human eosinophils elaborate lymphocyte chemoattractant cytokines RANTES and lymphocyte chemoattractant factor. Int. Arch. Allergy Appl Immunol in press. 

IL-8 (previously known as neutrophil activation protein-1) is a potent neutrophil chemoattractant cytokine, which may be released by a variety of airway cells (Kunkel etal., 1991), including T cells, endothelial cells, macrophages, eosinophils and epithelial cells... 

JOSE, P.H., GRIFFITHS-JOHNSON, D.A., COLLINS, P.D., WALSH, D.T., MOQBEL, R TOTTY, N.F., TRUONG, O., HSUAN, J.J. WILLIAMS, TJ. (1994) Eotaxin a potent eosinophil chemoattractant cytokine detected in a guinea pig model of allergic airways inflammation. Journal of Experimental Medicine, 179, 881-887. 

The monocytic cells are transformed into macrophages that migrate through the spaces between endothelial cells. They enter the subintimal space under the influence of chemoattractant cytokines (e.g., chemokine macrophage chemoattractant protein I) secreted by vascular cells in response to exposure to oxidatively modified fatty acids within the lipoproteins. 

In this chapter, we will instead focus on the interplay between HIV and the family of chemoattractant cytokines—the chemokines. 

A survey of the literature over the last 10 years is summarized in Table 3. Early studies focussed on the chemoattractive cytokine CXCL8 and the associated neutrophil recruitment. An initial report by Endo and colleagues used radioimmunoassay (RIA) to measure CXCL8 in... 

The chemokines are a family of small (8-12kDa) secreted chemoattractant cytokines that share a common structure dictated by the pattern of disulfide bonds that form between conserved cysteine (C) residues. The number and spacing of cysteines in the amino-terminus defines four chemokine classes, CXC, CC, XC and CX3C, where X represents any amino acid (aa) except C (Baggiolini and Loetscher 2000). A majority of chemokines have two sets of disulfide bonds formed by the pairing the first two cysteines (Ci and C2) with two others in a C1-C3 and C2-C4 pattern. These secreted proteins bind to G protein-coupled heptahelical receptors found on leukocytes that are designated by the class of chemokine bound (CXCRs, CCRs, XCRs, and CX3CR, respectively) (Rossi and Zlotnik 2000). 

Jose, P. J., Adcock, I. M., D. A. Griffiths-Jolmson, Berkman, N., Wells, T. N. C., Williams, T. J., and Power, C. A. (1994) Eotaxin Cloning of an eosinophil chemoattractant cytokine and increased mRNA expression in allergen-challenged guinea-pig lungs. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 205, 788—794. 

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