Raw soybean meal

As is the case with some chemical changes occurring in biological systems, such as the blood-clotting cascade system, deteriorative reactions considered to have a beneficial effect are found in foods. For example, the Maillard reaction (lJ7,lj3) is used to produce flavors and colors in such foods as beverages and baked goods. Heat treatment (involving denaturation) has been found to increase the nutritional value of raw soybean meal by... 

Chernick, S.S. S.S. Lepkovsky I.L. ChaikofF. A dietary factor regulating the enzyme content of the pancreas Changes induced in size and proteolytic activity of the chick pancreas by the ingestion of raw soybean meal. Am. J. Physiol. 1948, 155, 33—41. 

In the study with adult dogs (Patten et al., 1971), pancreatic enlargement, when expressed per kg body weight, was found in a group fed raw soybean meal at 15% of the diet for 12 weeks. This enlargement was accompanied by significant increases in the con-... 

Lyman, R. L., 1957, The effect of raw soybean meal and trypsin inhibitor diets on the intestinal and pancreatic nitrogen in the rat, J. Nutr., 62 285-294. 

Pea.nuts, The proteins of peanuts are low in lysine, threonine, cystine plus methionine, and tryptophan when compared to the amino acid requirements for children but meet the requirements for adults (see Table 3). Peanut flour can be used to increase the nutritive value of cereals such as cornmeal but further improvement is noted by the addition of lysine (71). The trypsin inhibitor content of raw peanuts is about one-fifth that of raw soybeans, but this concentration is sufficient to cause hypertrophy (enlargement) of the pancreas in rats. The inhibitors of peanuts are largely inactivated by moist heat treatment (48). As for cottonseed, peanuts are prone to contamination by aflatoxin. FDA regulations limit aflatoxin levels of peanuts and meals to 100 ppb for breeding beef catde, breeding swine, or poultry 200 ppb for finishing swine 300 ppb for finishing beef catde 20 ppb for immature animals and dairy animals and 20 ppb for humans. 

The precise cost of production for soybean chitinase is not known. However, we know the cost of soybean is about 230/metric ton. A rough estimate of the cost for producing 3600 I.U. of chitinase from soybean would be in the range of 60,000 - 80,000. With additional improvements in the methodology, one should be able to increase recovery and reduce even more the production cost. Furthermore, since only about 2% of the soybean protein is removed (as crude chitinase extract), all the soybean oil and the rest of the soybean meal can be sold, thus reducing the cost of the raw material and the overall production of the enzyme. 

The nutritional superiority of heated soybean meal in contrast to raw meal528 was initially thought to reflect the presence of a growth-repressive, heat-labile substance.529 -531 Thus, Liener and Pallansch529... 

Undehulled sunflowerseed meals cannot match soybean meals in the meal market, their use being limited to mminant feeds. In addition, sunflower hulls contain a large amount of raw fiber (60-65%) of practically no nutritional value, so that they are almost exclusively used as mminant feed. 

It has been shown that heating soybeans reduces their protein degradability in the rumen and postpones digestion to the small intestine (98). However, the production of unavailable protein is also increased (Figure 16). The relative effects of feeding soybean meal, roasted soybeans, extruded soybeans, and raw soybeans on milk yield, protein, and fat content are shown in Table 18. Extruded soybeans gave the highest yield of 3.5% fat corrected meal (FCM) and was second to soybean meal in total protein produced. However, fat and protein contents of milk from extruded soybeans were lower than for the other treatments. 

Item Soybean Meal Roasted Soybeans Extruded Soybeans Raw Soybeans... 

Full-fat soybean meal is an excellent source of energy and protein with special value in diets for poultry when high nutrient concentration is required. This is the case for all turkey diets, most broiler diets, and feeds for laying hens early in the production cycle, as raw bean contain antinutrients. 

Soybeans also contain lectins, urease, saponins, goitrogenic factors, rachitogenic factors, allergic factors, and metal chelating factors, all of which can have a negative impact on performance (15). Fortunately, many of these antinutritive factors are heat labile, and adequate heat treatment renders full-fat soybean meal safe for use in nonruminant diets. Hence, given a cost effective means of heat processing, the nutritional potential of this valuable raw material can be unlocked. 

Waldroup and Hazen (21) compared feeding soybean meal, roasted soybeans, dry extruded soybeans, and raw soybeans to laying hens. Their results showed that hens fed the extruded soybeans had the highest egg production and the best feed conversion as compared to the control soybean meal diet. Hens that were fed the raw soybeans showed inferior results compared with the other groups. 

Socha and Satter (28) conducted a study to determine the production response of early lactation cows fed either solvent-extracted soybean meal, raw soybeans, extruded whole soybeans, or roasted soybeans with alfalfa silage as the sole forage source. They reported that dry matter intakes were lower for cows on the raw and roasted soybean treatments. Cows on the extruded soybean diet produced more milk, milk protein, and more 3.5% fat-corrected milk than cows fed the other diets. Body weight changes and body condition scores did not differ among the various treatments. 

Since the mid-1990s, China dedicated itself to increasing its processing capacity. They shifted domestic policy to favor soybean meal for livestock feed, and soybean oil for human consumption. This policy causes China to import large quantities of soybeans, mostly from Brazil and the United States, to fuel its growing processing industry. Chinas demand combined with Brazil s relatively small-animal industry resulted in Brazil exporting 73% of the soybeans it produces (production + a small amount of imports), 48% in the form of meal and 52% as raw soybeans. 

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