Skin absorption toxicity

Sodium trichloroacetate [650-51-17, C2Cl202Na, is used as a herbicide for various grasses and cattails (2). The free acid has been used as an astringent, antiseptic, and polymerisation catalyst. The esters have antimicrobial activity. The oral toxicity of sodium trichloroacetate is quite low (LD q rats, 5.0 g/kg). Although very corrosive to skin, trichloroacetic acid does not have the skin absorption toxicity found with chloroacetic acid (28). 

Extremely toxic to experimental animals by all routes of exposure also, highly toxic to humans and animals by ingestion or skin absorption toxic effects similar to those of aldrin and dieldrin symptoms—headache, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, insomnia, confusion, stupor, convulsions, tremors, rise in blood pressure, fever, frothing of mouth, deafness, coma, and respiratory failure stimulant to central nervous system ... 

Strong irritant to eyes and skin contact with skin may cause burn the liquid is injurious to eyes moderately toxic by ingestion and skin absorption toxicity is greater than... 

The alcohols are toxic orally, through skin absorption, and through inhalation. The secondary alcohols are more toxic than the tertiary. The glycols are relatively low in toxicity. 

Acrolein is highly toxic by skin absorption. Brief contact may result in the absorption of harmful and possibly fatal amounts of material. Skin contact causes severe local irritation and chemical bums. Poly(vinyl chloride) coated protective gloves should be used (99). 

The acute toxicity of DMF is relatively low. The LD q by oral ingestion ia rats is 2800 mg/kg and the LC for mice is 9400 mg/(2 h). Skin absorption is also an important route by which DMF can be iatroduced iato the body, and an LD q of 4720 mg/kg has been observed ia rabbit-skia exposure studies. 

Health and Safety Factors. Neopentanoic acid possesses low toxicity, either by ingestion (oral LD q in rats is 2.0 g/kg) or by skin absorption (dermal LD q in rabbits is 3.16 g/kg). The principal ha2ards associated with neopentanoic acid at ambient temperatures are from eye and skin irritation. At elevated temperatures, where concentrations of the vapor are significant, irritation of the respiratory tract can also occur. Contact with the material should be avoided. 

AHyl chloride is toxic through Hquid contact with the skin and can cause severe irritation, resulting in deep-seated pain and delayed bums. Effects may be more severe in instances where Hquid is confined to the skin. The LD q for toxicity through skin absorption in rabbits is 400—2200 mg/kg body weight (24,50). Contact with the eyes can cause permanent eye injury, even blindness. 

Cyanohydrins are highly toxic by inhalation or ingestion, and moderately toxic through skin absorption (21). AH a-hydroxy nitriles are potential sources of hydrogen cyanide or cyanides and must be handled with considerable caution. Contact with the skin and inhalation should be rigorously avoided. Special protective clothing should be worn and any exposure should be avoided (18,20). The area should be adequately ventilated. Immediate medical attention is essential in case of cyanohydrin poisoning. 

Toxicological studies conducted on DCPD indicate that it is a moderately toxic material and, to some extent, an irritant and a narcotic. By oral administration in the rat, the LD q is 0.82 g/kg of body weight, and by skin absorption in the rabbit, the LD q is 6.72 ml,/kg. An atmospheric concentration of 2000 ppm causes death in rats exposed for a period of 4 hours. 

Toxic chemicals can enter the body in various ways, in particular by swallowing, inhalation and skin absorption. Skin absorption may lead to dermatitis and this can be a most annoying complaint. Whereas some chemicals may have an almost universal effect on human beings, others may attack only a few persons. A person who has worked with a given chemical for some years may suddenly become sensitised to it and from then on be unable to withstand the slightest trace of that material in the atmosphere. He may as a result also be sensitised not only to the specific chemical that caused the initial trouble but to a host of related products. Unfortunately a number of chemicals used in the plastics industry have a tendency to be dermatitic, including certain halogenated aromatic materials, formaldehyde and aliphatic amines. 

The LD50 is the statistically derived single dosage of a substance that can be expected to cause death in 50% of the sample population. It is therefore an indicator of acute toxicity, usually determined by ingestion using rats or mice, although other animals may be used. LD50 is also determined by other routes, e.g. by skin absorption in rabbits. The values are affected by species, sex, age, etc. 

Acrylonitrile (Vinyl cyanide) CH,CHCN Closely resembles HCN in toxic action Poisonous by inhalation, ingestion or skin absorption Emits cyanides when heated or contacted by acids or acid fumes Symptoms flushed face, irritation of eyes and nose, nausea etc. Colourless flammable liquid with mild, faintly pungent odour Elash point 0°C. Dilute water solutions also have low flash points... 

Impervious clothing is essential when handling coiTosive chemicals, liquids liable to cause dermatitis, or chemicals toxic by skin absorption. 

Phloroglucinol (1,3,5-Trihydroxy benzene, 1,3,5-Trioxy-benzol in Ger). C6H3(OH)3,mw 126.11, white to yellowish crysts mp 200—209° when heated slowly 212—217° when heated rapidly bp, sublimes with decompn. SI sol in w, sol in ale and eth. Combustible. Can be prepd by fusion of resorcinol with caustic soda, or by reduction of trinitrobenzene. It is highly toxic. by ingestion, inhalation and skin absorption, and is a strong irritant to skin and mucous membranes Refs 1) Beil 6,1092, (545) [1075]... 

Highly toxic by ingestion, inhalation or skin absorption... 

Skin Extremely toxic through skin absorption. The estimated LD50 is 0.35 g/person on bare skin (1.4 g/person in ordinary clothing). Liquid does not injure skin but penetrates it rapidly. Immediate decontamination of smallest drop is essential. Vapor penetrates skin also. 

Kinkead ER, Bashe WJ. 1987. Evaluation of the inhalation and skin absorption kinetics of a cyclotriphosphazene based hydraulic fluid. Report to Toxic Hazards Division of Aerospace Medical Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, OH. LR-86-03. February 1987. 

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