With sulfites

The reductions of diorgano tellurium dihalides with potassium sulfite, sodium disul-fite , or potassium disulfite are carried out in aqueous medium, in two-phase aqueous-organic systems , or in basic aqueous media containing sodium carbonate or sodium hydrogen carbonate.  

Bis[4-methoxyphenyl] Telluriumh 10 g (25 mmol) of bis[4-mcthoxyphenyl] tellurium dichloride are dissolved in 50 ml of benzene, 60 ml of saturated aqueous sodium disulfite solution arc added, and the mixture is stirred for 4 h. The benzene layer is separated, washed with water, and the benzene is distilled off. The residue is recrystallized from aqueous ethanol yield 6.5 g (80%) m.p. 54°. 

5-Dioxotellurinane 1,1 -dihalides with or without alkyl substituents in the 2-, 4-, and/or 6-positions were reduced to the 3,5-dioxotellurinanes by potassium disulfite in aqueous suspensions . 

5-Dioxo-2-methyltcllurinane h 2.0 g (6.4 mmol) of 3,5-dioxo-2-methyltellurinane 1,1-dichloride are suspended in 40 ml of ice-cold water and the suspension is stirred vigorously. 2.8 g (12.6 mmol) of powdered potassium disulfite arc added over 10 min. to the stirred suspension. When all of the suspended material has dissolved, the solution is filtered, and the filtrate is concentrated until crystallization occurs. The crystals are filtered and recrystallized from benzene yield 1.2 g (79%) m.p. 100 . 

The following substituted derivatives were similarly prepared  

---

By the Bucherer reaction (with sulfite) of the appropriate arninonaphthalenesulfonic acid. 

Water Treatment. Sodium sulfite is an agent in the reduction of chlorine or oxygen in water. Dissolved oxygen in boiler water tends to enhance pitting and other types of corrosion. In boilers operated at below 4.82 MPa (700 psi), a residual concentration of 30 ppm of sodium sulfite is generally effective. Catalytic amounts of cobalt are often added to accelerate the reaction of oxygen with sulfite (321,322) (see Water, industrial water treatment). 

Sodium dithionite is considered only moderately toxic. The solution is reported to have an LD q (rat, oral) of about 5 g/kg. As with sulfites, fairly large doses of sodium dithionite can probably be tolerated because oxidation to sulfate occurs. However, irritation of the stomach by the Hberated sulfurous acid is expected. As a food additive, sodium dithionite is generally recognized as safe (GRAS) (367). 

Benzoxazole dyes exhibit irreversible degradations that involve opening of the oxazole (66). Oxacarbocyanines, eg, 3,3 -dimethyloxacarbocyariine iodide [48198-86-3] (42), react most readily with aqueous acid, whereas benzoxazole merocarbocyanines (43) react with sulfite or hydroxide ion to produce ring-opened products such as (44). 

The rate of reaction with sulfite is ca 100 times faster than the rate of reaction with hydroxide, and decreasing the Brooker basicity of the acidic nucleus in the merocarbocyanine increases the rate of reaction. 

Another important reduction process is that of aryldiazonium salts with sulfite/bisulfite at controlled pH to produce aryUiydrazines. AryUiydrazines are important intermediates for the preparation of pyrazolones and indoles. 

Stability. E is sensitive to ait, light, heat, and alkalies. Metals, notably copper, iron, and 2inc, destroy its activity. In solution with sulfite or bisulfite, it slowly forms an inactive sulfonate (17). The red color that forms when neutral or alkaline solutions are exposed to air is caused by adrenochrome. 

Salts of nitridotrisulfuric acid, N(S03M )3, are readily obtained by the exothermic reaction of nitrites with sulfites or hydrogen sulfites in hot aqueous solution ... 

It is often advantageous to proceed to a desired product through two nucleophilic displacements rather than directly when one can exploit a difference in the reactivity of two leaving groups. An example is the conversion of 4-chloro-2,6-dimethoxypyrimidine (109) (not satisfactorily reactive with sulfanilamide anion) by means of trimethylamine into the more reactive trimethylammonio derivative 110. Conversion of chloro-quinohnes and -pyrimi-dines into nitriles is best accomplished by conversion (with sulfite) into the sulfonic acids before reaction with cyanide. 

Deaerators not only effectively remove dissolved oxygen and other noncondensable gases but also provide the benefit of FW heating. Also, deaerators do not add dissolved solids to the FW, as happens with sulfite-based oxygen scavengers. 

Similarly, when catalyzed the reaction rate decreases significantly as a function of pH level. The optimum reaction pH level is approximately 9.5 to 10.5. Iron, and especially copper, in the boiler may act as adventitious catalysts. However, as metal transport polymers are frequently employed, iron, copper, or cobalt may be transported away from contact with sulfite, and thus are not available for catalysis. (This may be a serious problem in high-pressure units employing combinations of organic oxygen scavengers and metal ion catalysts.)... 

Alkyl halides react with sulfite ion to form alkyl sulfonates, a reaction known as the Strecker reaction (20). "Organic Syntheses"... 

Antifoaming with Sulfite-Waste Liquor as Plasticizer for Cements... 

Selective staining of polysaccharide in the cell is said to depend upon the oxidizing action of periodate on such chemical configurations as a, p glycols and a-hydroxyketones. Polyaldehydes generated by this selective oxidation react with sulfite-decolorized fuchsin. Polysaccharide areas in the cell are colored red by the stain. 

Sulfur also reacts by undergoing addition reactions with several types of species. For example, thiosulfates are produced by the reaction of sulfur with sulfites. 

Phenylhydrazine has been prepared by the reduction of benzene diazonium salts with sulfites 1 by the reduction of benzene diazonium chloride with stannous chloride 2 by the reduction of benzene diazonium hydrate with zinc or sulfur dioxide 3 by the reduction of sodium benzene diazotate with sodium stannite 4 by the reduction of diazoamino benzene 5 by the reduction of nitrosophenyl hydroxylamine or its methyl ether 6 and by the action of hydrazine hydrate on phenol.7... 

This is an example of conproportionation. The net results were CdSe deposits that required thermal treatments to obtain optimal photoactivity due to the presence of elemental Se [129]. The initial solution to this problem was to search for a Se precursor in a lower oxidation state, such as selenosulfite, SeSOs [132]. The nominal oxidation state of Se in this species is zero, as it is formed by the reaction of elemental Se with sulfite ... 

Cecil, R., and R. G. Wake The reaction of inter- and intra-chain disulphide bonds in protems with sulfite. Biochemic. Journ. 82, 401—406 (1962). 

A kinetic smdy of the formation of zwitterionic adducts (28) from 1,3,5-trinitrobenzene and diazabicyclo derivatives indicates that reactions are surprisingly slow, with rate constants many orders of magnitude lower than those for related reactions with primary or secondary amines. The use of rapid-scan spectrophotometry was necessary to study the kinetics of reaction of 4-substimted-2,6-dinitro-A -n-butylanilines (29) with n-butylamine in DMSO the two processes observed were identified as rapid deprotonation to give the conjugate base and competitive a-adduct formation at the 3-position. The reactions of MAf-di-n-propyl-2,6-dinitro-4-trifluoromethylaniline (30), the herbicide trifluralin, and its A -ethyl-A -n-butyl analogue with deuteroxide ions and with sulfite ions in [ H6]DMS0-D20 have been investigated by H NMR spectroscopy. With deuteroxide a-adduct formation at the 3-position is followed by... 

This pyridoxal-phosphate-dependent enzyme [EC 4.4.1.10] catalyzes the reaction cysteine with sulfite to produce cysteate and H2S. The enzyme can also catalyze the reaction of two cysteines (thereby producing lanthio-nine) as well as other alkyl thiols as substrates. 

Fig. 2. Kinetics of the silver-catalyzed reduction of silver ions by p-phenylenediamine 1, variation of rate with p-phenylenediamine concentration in presence of gum arabic 2, same in presence of gelatin 3, variation with silver ion concentration 4, variation with sulfite ion concentration.

With sulfite ester substrates Kaiser, E. T. Nakagawa,... 

Allergic-type reactions, including anaphylaxis and life-threatening asthmatic exacerbation, may occur in patients with sulfite sensitivity. 

Fogelman, K. D D. M. Walker, and D. W. Margerum, Non-Metal Redox Kinetics Hypochlorite and Hypochlorous Acid Reactions with Sulfite, Inorg. Chem., 28, 986-993 (1989). 

Kinetics of Reduction of Toluidine Blue with Sulfite - Kinetic Salt Effect in Elucidation of Mechanism 244... 

Baker, M., Gregerson, M. S., Martin, S. M., and Buettner, G. R. (2003), Free radical and drug oxidation products in an intensive care unit sedative Propofol with sulfite, Crit. Care Med., 31,787-792. 

The electrophilic reaction of NP with sulfite (the Boedeker reaction) has been studied, and follows a similar reaction pattern as with other reactants [Eqs. (5) and (6)]. The red color shows up at 475 nm, and this decays in an unknown way with formation of [Fe(CN)5S03]5 as the... 

---