Raspberry effect

Preliminary studies have shown evidence of red raspberry effects against intestinal pathogens and inflammatory mechanisms. These properties have been ascribed to the anthocyanin content, particularly the numerous cyanidin glycosides and ellagitannins, which are strongly linked to inhibiting mechanisms that initiate inflammation. 

In this case, a controlled osmotic stress up to 250 mM applied to the giant vesicles leads to an interesting endocytosis phenomenon that we named the raspberry effect . The experimental set-up is described in Figure 26.7. 

Ochoa, M.R. et al.. Physical and chemical characteristics of raspberry pulp storage effect on composition and color, Lebensm.-Wiss. u.-Technol, 32, 149, 1999. 

Suthanthangjai, W., Kajda, R, and Zabetakis, I., The effect of high hydrostatic pressure on the anthocyanins of raspberry (Rubus iudaeus). Food Chem., 90, 193, 2005. 

Li J, Zhang D, Stoner GD and Huang C. 2008. Differential effects of black raspberry and strawberry extracts on BaPDE-induced activation of transcription factors and their target genes. Mol Carcinogenesis 47 286-294. 

Zafrilla P, Ferreres F and Tomas-Barberan FA. 2001. Effect of processing and storage on the antioxidant ellagic acid derivatives and flavonoids of red raspberry (Rubus idaeus) jams. J Agric Food Chem 49(8) 3651-3655. 

Chanjirakul K, Wang CY, Wang SY and Siriphanich J. 2006. Effect of natural volatile compounds on antioxidant capacity and antioxidant enzymes in raspberries. Postharvest Biol Technol 40 106-115. 

The law of 1906 was only a beginning. It did not regulate the safety and effectiveness of drug formulations. This was no more evident than in the case of mass poisoning which resulted from the consumption of "elixir of sulfanilamide" produced by the S.E. Massengill Company of Bristol, Tennessee. Between September and October 1937 doctors had prescribed almost 12 gallons of a 10% solution of sulfanilamide in an ethylene glycol(antifreeze) solvent flavored with saccharin, caramel, amaranth, and raspberry extract. The company s chief chemist, Harold Watkins, was not aware of the toxicity of that concentration of the solvent. 

Roberts, D.D. and Acree, T.E. 1996a. Effects of heating and cream addition on fresh raspberry aroma using a retronasal aroma simulator and gas chromatography olfactometry. 7. Agric. Food Chem. 44 3919-3925. 

Methyl eugenol 013,4-dimethoxy-l-allylbenzene [95-15-2] was fust characterized in 1915 as a powerful attractant for the male oriental fruit fly, Dams dorsalis, and attracts at least 60 other closely related Dams spp. Raspberry ketone [5471-51-2] or l-(4-/>-hydroxyphenyl)-2-butanone [5471-51-2] (174) is an equally powerful attractant for the melon fly, Dams mmrbitae, and the Queensland fmit fly, D. tryoni, and at least 180 other closely related Dams spp. The acetyl ester (cue-lure) (175) is more volatile and is a synthetic parakairomone especially effective for monitoring infestations by these species. Methyl eugenol and cue-lure [3572-06-3] have been used successfully in "male annihilation" of the oriental fmit fly and the melon fly by applying them to fiber board blocks or pieces of twine together with malathion or naled insecticides and distributing them over infested areas at doses of 15 g of attractant and 1 g of the insecticide per ha. 

Flavors and fragrances are sensory stimuli. Of the two, flavors are more complex because they act on the olfactory bulb via their volatile components and on the taste buds which are stimulated by both volatile and non-volatile components. The overall response to a flavor is a synthesis of the effects of both types of components. The response to fragrances, on the other hand, results only from the action of volatile components. Because flavors and fragrances function via a common mechanism, many volatile materials are used for both purposes. This is nicely illustrated by the perfumers vocabulary for fragrance materials. A collection of some 160 words published by a famous perfumer, Ernest Shiftan (1) included 75 words usually associated with flavors such as almond, bacon, coconut, honey, lime, raspberry, spicy and vanilla. 

In working on a perfume students should be constantly looking for the important accords within the formula and the often surprising effects of these accords. Students may find, for example, that a certain combination of ionone, benzyl acetate, and vanillin produces a raspberry like effect in a perfume that one might at first expect to come from a single chemical. Students should look for similarities between... 

Coarser spray droplets yield larger granules which tend to a raspberry coalesced, rather than an onion skin layered, structure. This effect is diminished the larger the ratio of granule size to droplet size. 

The antioxidant activity of anthocyanins in the fruits and leaves from different cultivars of the thornless blackberry (Rubus sp.), red raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.), black raspberry (Rubus occidentalis L.) and strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa D.) was reported [54]. Studies on the ability of endothelial cells (EC) to incorporate anthocyanins and on the potential benefits against various oxidative stressors showed that the enrichment of EC with elderberry anthocyanins gave significant protective effects in the endothelial cells against the oxidative stressors, hydrogen peroxide, 2,2/-azobis(2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride, and iron(II) sulfate/ascorbic acid [55]. 

Sublethal doses of glyphosate can have some effects on plants in the long term that are difficult to attribute directly to inhibition of the shikimic acid pathway. Shortly after the introduction of glyphosate as a commercial herbicide, its use for control of suckers in commercial raspberry plantations was evaluated with initially promising results (flL). The effects of these treatments in the long term is less well known. Similar... 

Hager, A. Howard, L.R. Prior, R.L. Brownmiller, C. 2008a. Processing and storage effects on monomeric anthocyanins, percent polymeric color, and antioxidant capacity of processed blaek raspberry products. J. Food Sci. 73 H134-140. 

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