Triglycerides oleic acid

Pellegrin 1979). Urticaria to antioxidants like BHT and BHA was reported in 10%-12% of cases by Thune and Granholt (1973) and Juhlin (1977). Fischer-MAN and Cohen (1977) tested urticaria patients with a bleeding time test. They found that patients which were intolerant to BHT and BHA often cross-reacted to various additives such as Tween-80, sodium propionate, triglycerides, oleic acid, stearic acid, and olive oil. 

Multiply unsaturated linolenic and linoleic acid residues make triglycerides more vulnerable to oxidative degradation than oleic acid which is relatively stable. It is therefore desirable to hydrogenate the most unsaturated residues selectively without production of large quantities of stearic (fully saturated) acid. The stepwise reduction of an unsaturated oil may be visualized as ... 

Sulfated Natural Oils and Fats. Sulfated natural triglycerides were the first nonsoap commercial surfactants introduced in the middle of the nineteenth century. Since then sulfates of many vegetable, animal, and fish oils have been investigated (see also Fats AND FATTY oils). With its hydroxyl group and a double bond, ricinoleic acid (12-hydroxy-9,10-octadecenoic acid) is an oil constituent particularly suited for sulfation. Its sulfate is known as turkey-red oil. Oleic acid is also suited for sulfation. Esters of these acids can be sulfated with a minimum of hydrolysis of the glyceride group. Polyunsaturated acids, with several double bonds, lead to dark-colored sulfation products. The reaction with sulfuric acid proceeds through either the hydroxyl or the double bond. The sulfuric acid half ester thus formed is neutralized with caustic soda ... 

In this in vitro system, the presence of serum in cell culture medium is not necessary, but the type of transwell is important (the total amount of H-triglycerides secreted was two-fold higher when using 3 pm versus 1 pm pore size transwells), and oleic acid supplementation is required for the formation and secretion of CMs as well as the transport of 3-carotene through Caco-2 cells. Finally, the presence of Tween 40 does not affect CM synthesis and secretion in this in vitro cell culture system. Thus, CMs secreted by Caco-2 cells were characterized as particles rich in newly synthesized H-triglycerides (90% of total secreted) containing apolipoprotein B (30% of total secreted) and H-phospholipids (20% of total secreted) and with an average diameter of 60 nm. These characteristics are close to those of CMs secreted in vivo by enterocytes. ... 

Figure 13.16.3 The molecular structure of a triglyceride, a fatty acid based on the triester of oleic acid.

These reactions, which are believed to occur predominantly inter-molecularly, are capable of producing intermediates which hold some potential as precursors for important chemical products. For example, metathesis of olive oil, which consists chiefly of triglycerides of oleic acid, produces the glyceride of 9-octadecene-l,l8-dioic acid from which can be obtained, after saponification, acidification, and low-temperature crystallization, the free acid, which can be transformed by intramolecular condensation to civetone. 

Figure 4.22 (a) Stearic and oleic acid (b) glycerol and a triglyceride (c) the general structure of a glycerophospholipid and (d) the glycerophospholipid l-stearoyl-2-oleoyl-3-phosphatidylcholine. 

The traditional major source for the nonionic surfactant industry is fatty acid triglycerides from both animal and vegetable sources as the saturated or unsaturated acids. The saturated acids include lauric acid (w-dodecanoic), myristic acid (n-tetradecanoic), palmitic acid ( -hexadecanoic),and stearic acid (n-octadecanoic). The unsaturated acids include oleic acid (Z-9-octadecenoic) and linoleic acid (Z,Z-9,12-octadecadienoic). Of the 200 non-ionic surfactants... 

This structure shows a triglyceride with three identical saturated fatty acids. Tripalmitin, in which all fatty acids are palmitic acid (n = 14), provides one example of a fat. Triolein is an oil containing only oleic acid moieties esterified to glycerol. In contrast to these two examples, it is by no means necessary that the three fatty acid groups be derived from only one fatty acid. For example, we might have a triglyceride that contains one saturated fatty acid, say palmitic acid, one monounsaturated fatty acid, say oleic acid, and one polyunsaturated fatty acid, perhaps arachidonic acid. 

Saturated fatty acids (no double bonds), such as myristic, palmitic, and stearic, make up two-thirds of milk fatty acids. Oleic acid is the most abundant unsaturated fatty acid in milk, with one double bond. Triglycerides account for 98% of milk fat. The small amounts of mono-, diglycerides, and free fatty acids in fresh milk may be... 

Tagat TO is an ethoxylated (25 moles per molecule) triglyceride of commercial oleic acid (65 oleic with the remainder mainly myrlstic palmitic stearic Cj g and linoleic C.g 2 double bonds). The... 

The names of triglycerides depend upon their constituent fatty acids. For example, cis- 9-octadecenoic acid, commonly called oleic acid, can be referred to as C18 l (A9, cis) and octadeca-noic acid, stearic acid, can be referred to as C18 0. If all of the acyJ groups are the same, for example,... 

Miller et al. (1991) demonstrated the effect of increased hydrolysis once an optimal amount of water has been added when they studied the inter-esterification of the triglycerides trilaurin and myristic acid. The observed rate of inter-esterification decreased to approximately one-third of its original rate when the water content was reduced from 1.75 (grams water per kilogram carbon dioxide) to zero. They also showed that the amount of hydrolysis increased about 10% as the water content increased. Knez et al. (1998) also found that the addition of small amounts of water increased the conversion rate when they studied the esterification of oleic acid with oleyl alcohol. 

As a simulation example we treat the production of biodiesel from rapeseed in a plant capacity of 200 ktonne per year. The feedstock has a high content of oleic acid triglyceride, around 65%, such that the kinetic data from Section 14.6 can be used for sketching the design of the reaction section. For simplification, we consider that the oil was pretreated for removing impurities and gums, as well as FFA by esterification over solid catalyst. The free fatty acids and water content in oil feed should be less than 0.5%w. NaOH and KOH in 0.5 to 1.5% w/w are used as catalysts. 

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